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Who Participates, What Do They Buy, and How Do They Score? Evidence from the Arkansas Education Freedom Accounts Program. Program on Education Policy and Governance Working Papers Series. PEPG 25-07

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Title: Who Participates, What Do They Buy, and How Do They Score? Evidence from the Arkansas Education Freedom Accounts Program. Program on Education Policy and Governance Working Papers Series. PEPG 25-07
Language: English
Authors: Alison Heape Johnson, Daion L. Daniels, Josh B. McGee, Patrick J. Wolf, Harvard University, Program on Education Policy and Governance (PEPG)
Source: Program on Education Policy and Governance. 2025.
Availability: Program on Education Policy and Governance. Harvard University, Kennedy School of Government, 79 John F. Kennedy Street, Taubman 304, Cambridge, MA 02138. Tel: 617-495-7976; Fax: 617-496-4428; e-mail: pepg@fas.harvard.edu; Web site: https://www.hks.harvard.edu/centers/taubman/programs-research/pepg
Peer Reviewed: N
Page Count: 75
Publication Date: 2025
Document Type: Reports - Research
Education Level: Elementary Secondary Education
Descriptors: Educational Finance, Public Support, Private Education, Financial Support, Elementary Secondary Education, Scores, Student Characteristics, Family Financial Resources, Eligibility, Economic Factors, Economic Impact, State Legislation, State Government, Purchasing, School Choice
Geographic Terms: Arkansas
Abstract: In 2023, Arkansas enacted the Education Freedom Accounts (EFA) Program, which provides public funds to families to spend on their children's private or home education. Many stakeholders have raised concerns about the program's ability to serve disadvantaged students and its fiscal impact on taxpayers and public school districts. Using student-level data from the Arkansas Department of Education, we determine the student characteristics that predict initial participation in the EFA program. We also estimate the program's fiscal effects in its first two years. Finally, we report the average scores of participants on nationally normed tests. We find that the program's service prioritization system, established in statute and specified in administrative rules, operated as intended disproportionally to enroll students with various characteristics of disadvantage. We also find that savings from students exiting public schools did little to offset the program's cost to the state, though overall expenditures were small relative to Arkansas's total K-12 education spending. Fiscal impacts are more likely to be felt locally, though potential funding declines represent a small share of district budgets. We analyze transaction-level data to understand how families allocate EFA funds, offering insights into program implementation and its implications for broader school choice policy. Finally, we report the 2025 test scores of EFA students, which average above national norms.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2026
Accession Number: ED681231
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
  Availability: 0
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  Data: Who Participates, What Do They Buy, and How Do They Score? Evidence from the Arkansas Education Freedom Accounts Program. Program on Education Policy and Governance Working Papers Series. PEPG 25-07
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  Data: Program on Education Policy and Governance. Harvard University, Kennedy School of Government, 79 John F. Kennedy Street, Taubman 304, Cambridge, MA 02138. Tel: 617-495-7976; Fax: 617-496-4428; e-mail: pepg@fas.harvard.edu; Web site: https://www.hks.harvard.edu/centers/taubman/programs-research/pepg
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Arkansas%22">Arkansas</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: In 2023, Arkansas enacted the Education Freedom Accounts (EFA) Program, which provides public funds to families to spend on their children's private or home education. Many stakeholders have raised concerns about the program's ability to serve disadvantaged students and its fiscal impact on taxpayers and public school districts. Using student-level data from the Arkansas Department of Education, we determine the student characteristics that predict initial participation in the EFA program. We also estimate the program's fiscal effects in its first two years. Finally, we report the average scores of participants on nationally normed tests. We find that the program's service prioritization system, established in statute and specified in administrative rules, operated as intended disproportionally to enroll students with various characteristics of disadvantage. We also find that savings from students exiting public schools did little to offset the program's cost to the state, though overall expenditures were small relative to Arkansas's total K-12 education spending. Fiscal impacts are more likely to be felt locally, though potential funding declines represent a small share of district budgets. We analyze transaction-level data to understand how families allocate EFA funds, offering insights into program implementation and its implications for broader school choice policy. Finally, we report the 2025 test scores of EFA students, which average above national norms.
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  Data: 2026
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  Data: ED681231
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    Languages:
      – Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 75
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Educational Finance
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Public Support
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Private Education
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Financial Support
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Elementary Secondary Education
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Scores
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Student Characteristics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Family Financial Resources
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Eligibility
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Economic Factors
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Economic Impact
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: State Legislation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: State Government
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      – SubjectFull: Purchasing
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      – SubjectFull: School Choice
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Arkansas
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Who Participates, What Do They Buy, and How Do They Score? Evidence from the Arkansas Education Freedom Accounts Program. Program on Education Policy and Governance Working Papers Series. PEPG 25-07
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