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Switch Hands! Mapping Proactive and Reactive Cognitive Control across the Life Span

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Title: Switch Hands! Mapping Proactive and Reactive Cognitive Control across the Life Span
Language: English
Authors: Van Gerven, Pascal W. M., Hurks, Petra P. M., Bovend'Eerdt, Thamar J. H., Adam, Jos J.
Source: Developmental Psychology. Jun 2016 52(6):960-971.
Availability: American Psychological Association. Journals Department, 750 First Street NE, Washington, DC 20002. Tel: 800-374-2721; Tel: 202-336-5510; Fax: 202-336-5502; e-mail: order@apa.org; Web site: http://www.apa.org
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 12
Publication Date: 2016
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Descriptors: Cognitive Ability, Age Differences, Reaction Time, Handedness, Cues, Task Analysis, Children, Adolescents, Adults, Older Adults, Statistical Analysis, Foreign Countries, Intelligence Tests
Geographic Terms: Netherlands
Assessment and Survey Identifiers: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
DOI: 10.1037/dev0000116
ISSN: 0012-1649
Abstract: We investigated the effects of age on proactive and reactive cognitive control in a large population sample of 809 individuals, ranging in age between 5 and 97 years. For that purpose, we used an anticue paradigm, which required a consistent remapping of cue location and response hand: Left-sided cues required right-hand responses and vice versa. After a random preparation interval of 100-850 ms, these anticues were followed by a target stimulus, which prompted a response with the index or middle finger of 1 of 2 hands. A neutral control condition involved uninformative cues, indicating all 4 possible response locations. The primary outcome measure was the difference between neutral and anticue reaction time (RT). Negative values indicated RT costs of the anticue, relative to the neutral condition, reflecting reactive cognitive control. Positive values indicated RT benefits, reflecting proactive cognitive control. Results were twofold. First, the switch from RT costs to benefits took place at longer preparation intervals in the youngest and oldest age groups than in the intermediate age groups. Second, irrespective of preparation interval, anticue performance followed an inverted U-shaped trajectory as a function of age, with a relatively steep improvement during childhood and adolescence, relative stability between 26 and 60 years, and a slightly accelerating decline into old age. Both patterns of results suggest an age-related transition from a primarily reactive, to a primarily proactive mode of cognitive control in early life and back again from a primarily proactive, to a primarily reactive mode of control in later life.
Abstractor: As Provided
Number of References: 63
Entry Date: 2016
Accession Number: EJ1102367
Database: ERIC
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  Data: Switch Hands! Mapping Proactive and Reactive Cognitive Control across the Life Span
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Van+Gerven%2C+Pascal+W%2E+M%2E%22">Van Gerven, Pascal W. M.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hurks%2C+Petra+P%2E+M%2E%22">Hurks, Petra P. M.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bovend'Eerdt%2C+Thamar+J%2E+H%2E%22">Bovend'Eerdt, Thamar J. H.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Adam%2C+Jos+J%2E%22">Adam, Jos J.</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Developmental+Psychology%22"><i>Developmental Psychology</i></searchLink>. Jun 2016 52(6):960-971.
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  Data: American Psychological Association. Journals Department, 750 First Street NE, Washington, DC 20002. Tel: 800-374-2721; Tel: 202-336-5510; Fax: 202-336-5502; e-mail: order@apa.org; Web site: http://www.apa.org
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  Data: 10.1037/dev0000116
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: We investigated the effects of age on proactive and reactive cognitive control in a large population sample of 809 individuals, ranging in age between 5 and 97 years. For that purpose, we used an anticue paradigm, which required a consistent remapping of cue location and response hand: Left-sided cues required right-hand responses and vice versa. After a random preparation interval of 100-850 ms, these anticues were followed by a target stimulus, which prompted a response with the index or middle finger of 1 of 2 hands. A neutral control condition involved uninformative cues, indicating all 4 possible response locations. The primary outcome measure was the difference between neutral and anticue reaction time (RT). Negative values indicated RT costs of the anticue, relative to the neutral condition, reflecting reactive cognitive control. Positive values indicated RT benefits, reflecting proactive cognitive control. Results were twofold. First, the switch from RT costs to benefits took place at longer preparation intervals in the youngest and oldest age groups than in the intermediate age groups. Second, irrespective of preparation interval, anticue performance followed an inverted U-shaped trajectory as a function of age, with a relatively steep improvement during childhood and adolescence, relative stability between 26 and 60 years, and a slightly accelerating decline into old age. Both patterns of results suggest an age-related transition from a primarily reactive, to a primarily proactive mode of cognitive control in early life and back again from a primarily proactive, to a primarily reactive mode of control in later life.
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  Data: 2016
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      – SubjectFull: Cognitive Ability
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      – SubjectFull: Age Differences
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      – SubjectFull: Reaction Time
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