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Using Perspective to Resolve Reference: The Impact of Cognitive Load and Motivation

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Title: Using Perspective to Resolve Reference: The Impact of Cognitive Load and Motivation
Language: English
Authors: Cane, James E., Ferguson, Heather J., Apperly, Ian A.
Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. Apr 2017 43(4):591-610.
Availability: American Psychological Association. Journals Department, 750 First Street NE, Washington, DC 20002. Tel: 800-374-2721; Tel: 202-336-5510; Fax: 202-336-5502; e-mail: order@apa.org; Web site: http://www.apa.org
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 20
Publication Date: 2017
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Education Level: Higher Education
Postsecondary Education
Descriptors: Cognitive Ability, Learning Motivation, Correlation, Short Term Memory, Accuracy, Language Processing, Perspective Taking, Eye Movements, Task Analysis, Nouns, Control Groups, Recall (Psychology), Cues, Rewards, Statistical Analysis, College Students, Foreign Countries
Geographic Terms: United Kingdom (England)
DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000345
ISSN: 0278-7393
Abstract: Research has demonstrated a link between perspective taking and working memory. Here we used eye tracking to examine the time course with which working memory load (WML) influences perspective-taking ability in a referential communication task and how motivation to take another's perspective modulates these effects. In Experiment 1, where there was no reward or time pressure, listeners only showed evidence of incorporating perspective knowledge during integration of the target object but did not anticipate reference to this common ground object during the pretarget-noun period. WML did not affect this perspective use. In Experiment 2, where a reward for speed and accuracy was applied, listeners used perspective cues to disambiguate the target object from the competitor object from the earliest moments of processing (i.e., during the pretarget-noun period), but only under low load. Under high load, responses were comparable with the control condition, where both objects were in common ground. Furthermore, attempts to initiate perspective-relevant responses under high load led to impaired recall on the concurrent WML task, indicating that perspective-relevant responses were drawing on limited cognitive resources. These results show that when there is ambiguity, perspective cues guide rapid referential interpretation when there is sufficient motivation and sufficient cognitive resources.
Abstractor: As Provided
Number of References: 75
Entry Date: 2017
Accession Number: EJ1135974
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
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  Data: Using Perspective to Resolve Reference: The Impact of Cognitive Load and Motivation
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  Data: American Psychological Association. Journals Department, 750 First Street NE, Washington, DC 20002. Tel: 800-374-2721; Tel: 202-336-5510; Fax: 202-336-5502; e-mail: order@apa.org; Web site: http://www.apa.org
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Research has demonstrated a link between perspective taking and working memory. Here we used eye tracking to examine the time course with which working memory load (WML) influences perspective-taking ability in a referential communication task and how motivation to take another's perspective modulates these effects. In Experiment 1, where there was no reward or time pressure, listeners only showed evidence of incorporating perspective knowledge during integration of the target object but did not anticipate reference to this common ground object during the pretarget-noun period. WML did not affect this perspective use. In Experiment 2, where a reward for speed and accuracy was applied, listeners used perspective cues to disambiguate the target object from the competitor object from the earliest moments of processing (i.e., during the pretarget-noun period), but only under low load. Under high load, responses were comparable with the control condition, where both objects were in common ground. Furthermore, attempts to initiate perspective-relevant responses under high load led to impaired recall on the concurrent WML task, indicating that perspective-relevant responses were drawing on limited cognitive resources. These results show that when there is ambiguity, perspective cues guide rapid referential interpretation when there is sufficient motivation and sufficient cognitive resources.
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  Data: 2017
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  Data: EJ1135974
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        Value: 10.1037/xlm0000345
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        PageCount: 20
        StartPage: 591
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Cognitive Ability
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Learning Motivation
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      – SubjectFull: Correlation
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      – SubjectFull: Short Term Memory
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      – SubjectFull: Accuracy
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      – SubjectFull: Perspective Taking
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      – SubjectFull: Task Analysis
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      – SubjectFull: Statistical Analysis
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      – SubjectFull: United Kingdom (England)
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      – TitleFull: Using Perspective to Resolve Reference: The Impact of Cognitive Load and Motivation
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