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Virtual Reality Bell-Ringer: The Development and Testing of a Stereoscopic Application for Human Gross Anatomy

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Title: Virtual Reality Bell-Ringer: The Development and Testing of a Stereoscopic Application for Human Gross Anatomy
Language: English
Authors: Brewer-Deluce, Danielle (ORCID 0000-0002-8887-8074), Bak, Alex B. (ORCID 0000-0003-4482-4792), Simms, Abigail J., Sinha, Sakshi, Mitchell, Josh P., Shin, David, Saraco, Anthony N., Wainman, Bruce C. (ORCID 0000-0001-7616-961X)
Source: Anatomical Sciences Education. May-Jun 2021 14(3):330-341.
Availability: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 12
Publication Date: 2021
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Education Level: Higher Education
Postsecondary Education
Descriptors: Anatomy, Computer Simulation, Visual Aids, Handheld Devices, Telecommunications, Computer Uses in Education, Undergraduate Students, Graduate Students, Tests, Symptoms (Individual Disorders)
DOI: 10.1002/ase.2074
ISSN: 1935-9772
Abstract: As post-secondary education migrates online, developing and evaluating new avenues for assessment in anatomy is paramount. Three-dimensional (3D) visualization technology is one area with the potential to augment or even replace resource-intensive cadaver use in anatomical education. This manuscript details the development of a smartphone application, entitled "Virtual Reality Bell-Ringer (VRBR)," capable of displaying monoscopic two-dimensional (2D) or stereoscopic 3D images with the use of an inexpensive cardboard headset for use in spot examinations. Cadaveric image use, creation, and pinning processes are explained, and the source code is provided. To validate this tool, this paper compares traditional laboratory-based spot examination assessment stations against those administered using the VRBR application to test anatomical knowledge. Participants (undergraduate, n = 38; graduate, n = 13) completed three spot examinations specific to their level of study, one in each of the modalities (2D, 3D, laboratory) as well as a mental rotation test (MRT), Stereo Fly stereotest, and cybersickness survey. Repeated measures ANCOVA suggested participants performed significantly better on laboratory and 3D stations compared to 2D stations. Moderate to severe cybersickness symptoms were reported by 63% of participants in at least one category while using the VRBR application. Highest reported symptoms included: eye strain, general discomfort, difficulty focusing, and difficulty concentrating. Overall, the VRBR application is a promising tool for its portability, affordability, and accessibility. Due to reported cybersickness and other technical limitations, the use of VRBR as an alternative to cadaveric specimens presents several challenges when testing anatomy knowledge that must be addressed before widespread adoption.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2021
Accession Number: EJ1293410
Database: ERIC
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  Data: Virtual Reality Bell-Ringer: The Development and Testing of a Stereoscopic Application for Human Gross Anatomy
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Brewer-Deluce%2C+Danielle%22">Brewer-Deluce, Danielle</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8887-8074">0000-0002-8887-8074</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bak%2C+Alex+B%2E%22">Bak, Alex B.</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4482-4792">0000-0003-4482-4792</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Simms%2C+Abigail+J%2E%22">Simms, Abigail J.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sinha%2C+Sakshi%22">Sinha, Sakshi</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mitchell%2C+Josh+P%2E%22">Mitchell, Josh P.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Shin%2C+David%22">Shin, David</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Saraco%2C+Anthony+N%2E%22">Saraco, Anthony N.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wainman%2C+Bruce+C%2E%22">Wainman, Bruce C.</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7616-961X">0000-0001-7616-961X</externalLink>)
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  Data: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
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  Data: 10.1002/ase.2074
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  Data: As post-secondary education migrates online, developing and evaluating new avenues for assessment in anatomy is paramount. Three-dimensional (3D) visualization technology is one area with the potential to augment or even replace resource-intensive cadaver use in anatomical education. This manuscript details the development of a smartphone application, entitled "Virtual Reality Bell-Ringer (VRBR)," capable of displaying monoscopic two-dimensional (2D) or stereoscopic 3D images with the use of an inexpensive cardboard headset for use in spot examinations. Cadaveric image use, creation, and pinning processes are explained, and the source code is provided. To validate this tool, this paper compares traditional laboratory-based spot examination assessment stations against those administered using the VRBR application to test anatomical knowledge. Participants (undergraduate, n = 38; graduate, n = 13) completed three spot examinations specific to their level of study, one in each of the modalities (2D, 3D, laboratory) as well as a mental rotation test (MRT), Stereo Fly stereotest, and cybersickness survey. Repeated measures ANCOVA suggested participants performed significantly better on laboratory and 3D stations compared to 2D stations. Moderate to severe cybersickness symptoms were reported by 63% of participants in at least one category while using the VRBR application. Highest reported symptoms included: eye strain, general discomfort, difficulty focusing, and difficulty concentrating. Overall, the VRBR application is a promising tool for its portability, affordability, and accessibility. Due to reported cybersickness and other technical limitations, the use of VRBR as an alternative to cadaveric specimens presents several challenges when testing anatomy knowledge that must be addressed before widespread adoption.
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