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Podcasts and Their Potential to Improve Sexual Health Literacy in Adolescents and Young Adults

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Title: Podcasts and Their Potential to Improve Sexual Health Literacy in Adolescents and Young Adults
Language: English
Authors: Porter, Andrew W., Cooper, Spring C., Palmedo, P. Christopher, Wojtowicz, Nina, Chong, Julia, Maddalon, Marissa
Source: American Journal of Sexuality Education. 2022 17(1):125-136.
Availability: Taylor & Francis. Available from: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 530 Walnut Street Suite 850, Philadelphia, PA 19106. Tel: 800-354-1420; Tel: 215-625-8900; Fax: 215-207-0050; Web site: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 12
Publication Date: 2022
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Descriptive
Descriptors: Audio Equipment, Sexuality, Sex Education, Public Health, Health Behavior, Intervention, Teaching Methods, Barriers, Confidentiality, Social Media, Behavior Change, Access to Education
DOI: 10.1080/15546128.2021.1987365
ISSN: 1554-6128
Abstract: Low health literacy poses many problems in the public health field and is linked to numerous negative health outcomes, including STIs and unplanned pregnancies. While many interventions focus on giving adolescents and young adults access to comprehensive sex education, these interventions do not necessarily improve sexual health literacy, which is a major asset to improving sexual health. Learning the skills to access, understand, and use sexual health information can compensate for the deficit of comprehensive sex education in the U.S. and worldwide. One innovative way this issue can be addressed is through the use of educational sexual health podcasts. Podcasts are a proven, effective tool to disseminate health information to a large population of people. They can be particularly useful in increasing sexual health literacy by increasing access by eliminating logistical barriers and embarrassment and confidentiality issues.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2022
Accession Number: EJ1331991
Database: ERIC
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  Value: <anid>AN0155215290;[1h2p]01jan.22;2022Feb15.06:52;v2.2.500</anid> <title id="AN0155215290-1">Podcasts and Their Potential to Improve Sexual Health Literacy in Adolescents and Young Adults </title> <p>Low health literacy poses many problems in the public health field and is linked to numerous negative health outcomes, including STIs and unplanned pregnancies. While many interventions focus on giving adolescents and young adults access to comprehensive sex education, these interventions do not necessarily improve sexual health literacy, which is a major asset to improving sexual health. Learning the skills to access, understand, and use sexual health information can compensate for the deficit of comprehensive sex education in the U.S. and worldwide. One innovative way this issue can be addressed is through the use of educational sexual health podcasts. Podcasts are a proven, effective tool to disseminate health information to a large population of people. They can be particularly useful in increasing sexual health literacy by increasing access by eliminating logistical barriers and embarrassment and confidentiality issues.</p> <p>Keywords: Health literacy; sexual health education; podcasts; education modalities; social media; health communication</p> <p>Sexuality education for adolescents and young adults (people aged 14–25) in the U.S. is inconsistent and often ineffective (Guttmacher Institute, [<reflink idref="bib15" id="ref1">15</reflink>]; Stidham Hall et al., [<reflink idref="bib35" id="ref2">35</reflink>]). As a result, American adolescents and young adults who should be receiving such education are also in dire need of improving sexual health literacy. Rates of STIs have reached an all-time high in the U.S., and cases of chlamydia and gonorrhea were most common among adolescents and young adults in 2016 (Shannon & Klausner, [<reflink idref="bib33" id="ref3">33</reflink>]). In alignment with the significant increase in negative sexual health outcomes, researchers found that the total hours of formal sex education from both schools and other community institutions decreased from 2006 to 2013 (Stidham Hall et al., [<reflink idref="bib35" id="ref4">35</reflink>]).</p> <p>The average number of required human sexuality instruction hours for high school courses studied in the CDC's 2014 School Health Policies and Practices Study was 6.2 (Stidham Hall et al., [<reflink idref="bib35" id="ref5">35</reflink>]). Sexuality education is only required to be medically accurate in 13 states, inclusive of sexual orientations in eight states, and have contraceptive information in 18 states (Guttmacher Institute, [<reflink idref="bib15" id="ref6">15</reflink>]). Even when students receive sex education, the information taught often omits vital facts about condoms and contraception, reinforces unhealthy gender stereotypes, and stigmatizes individuals with lesbian, gay, or bisexual identities (Stidham Hall et al., [<reflink idref="bib35" id="ref7">35</reflink>]). Most often, abstinence-only-until-marriage (AOUM) education is taught, which "marginalizes and systematically ignores the needs of sexual minority adolescent and young adults, including LGBTQ adolescents" (Guttmacher Institute, [<reflink idref="bib14" id="ref8">14</reflink>]). There is also a significant body of research showing that AOUM is ineffective at delaying sexual debut, preventing pregnancy and STIs, reducing the number of sexual partners, empowering women, and ignores the needs of sexually active adolescents and young adults (Santelli et al., [<reflink idref="bib31" id="ref9">31</reflink>]). AOUM stigmatizes and threatens access to health, information, and life (Santelli et al., [<reflink idref="bib31" id="ref10">31</reflink>]). These trends are concerning because learning to employ harm reduction strategies is paramount to reduce sexual stigma and employ healthy behaviors. Furthermore, lack of comprehensive sexuality education has been linked to negative psychosocial and sexual outcomes such as trauma, STDs, and unplanned pregnancies (Jackson et al., [<reflink idref="bib18" id="ref11">18</reflink>]).</p> <p>As evidenced by the aforementioned varied state laws and practices that provide limited sexuality education, in addition to the country's rising negative sexual health outcomes, there is a gap to fill in terms of sex education (Guttmacher Institute, [<reflink idref="bib15" id="ref12">15</reflink>]; Jackson et al., [<reflink idref="bib18" id="ref13">18</reflink>]; Stidham Hall et al., [<reflink idref="bib35" id="ref14">35</reflink>]). From an educational perspective, there is a need to fill this void and provide means by which adolescents and young adults can be sexually healthy individuals, one of which is through improving sexual health literacy among this population. The World Health Organization (WHO) posits that improved sexual health literacy not only provides health benefits but that it is a form of empowerment (World Health Organization [WHO], [<reflink idref="bib41" id="ref15">41</reflink>]). According to the Guttmacher Institute, not having sexual health literacy can lead to negative sexual health outcomes and interfere with the development of healthy relationships (Shtarkshall et al., [<reflink idref="bib34" id="ref16">34</reflink>]). While the benefits of sexual health literacy are clear, it is essential to define exactly what sexual health literacy means.</p> <hd id="AN0155215290-2">Sexual health literacy</hd> <p>While various definitions and ideas of health literacy exist, one of the most well-known definitions of health literacy in the public health community comes from the WHO:</p> <p>Health literacy describes the cognitive and social skills which determine the motivation and ability of individuals to gain access to, understand and use information in ways which promote and maintain health. (WHO, [<reflink idref="bib40" id="ref17">40</reflink>])</p> <p>Nutbeam ([<reflink idref="bib25" id="ref18">25</reflink>]) established five main measures of health literacy: health-related knowledge, attitudes, behavioral intentions, personal skills, and self-efficacy. Furthermore, health literacy is a "key competence in promoting individual and public health" (Mitsutake et al., [<reflink idref="bib23" id="ref19">23</reflink>]). This paper examines health literacy as an asset and that developing health literacy enables individuals to engage in health-enhancing actions and behaviors (Nutbeam, [<reflink idref="bib24" id="ref20">24</reflink>]).</p> <hd id="AN0155215290-3">Podcasts as educational interventions</hd> <p>It is important to look at the best way to improve sexual health literacy amongst adolescents and young adults in the U.S. One such method to increase sexual health literacy is through the use of podcasts, which are digital programs that can be automatically downloaded from the Internet (Podcast, [<reflink idref="bib28" id="ref21">28</reflink>]). Podcasting, the medium, "refers to digital audio files delivered via RSS to an Internet-connected computer or portable media player" (Bottomley, [<reflink idref="bib5" id="ref22">5</reflink>]). This medium is notably used for personal entertainment and information with increasing interest in its use for education (Walls, Kucsera, Walker, Acee, McVaugh & Robinson, [<reflink idref="bib38" id="ref23">38</reflink>]). Public forums to discuss and share personal concerns have been in use for centuries. In recent decades, such forums have included the syndicated print column by Ann Landers and the syndicated radio program "Loveline" (Ferris, [<reflink idref="bib12" id="ref24">12</reflink>]). Today, podcasting allows these forums to go mobile, which makes education more portable and accessible through wireless technologies (Walls et al., [<reflink idref="bib38" id="ref25">38</reflink>]). Evaluations have shown that sexual advice radio programs can result in positive sexual health outcomes, including increased condom use (Middlestadt et al., [<reflink idref="bib22" id="ref26">22</reflink>]) and increased awareness of how to respond to incidents (Van Haveren et al., [<reflink idref="bib16" id="ref27">16</reflink>]; White & Rubenstein, [<reflink idref="bib39" id="ref28">39</reflink>]). While limited research exists on whether podcasts can be effectively used in a similar way to improve sexual health, the authors contend that podcasting can provide adolescents with the critical ability to access, understand, and use sexual health knowledge. Another benefit of using podcasts to transmit sexual health information and enhance sexual health literacy is that they can be used as part of an educational curriculum or listened to outside of the classroom. While many adolescents and young adults already listen to podcasts and seek out sexual health information on their own, instructors could provide links to episodes as lessons, consolidation exercises, or as additional sexual health content (Pew Research Center, [<reflink idref="bib27" id="ref29">27</reflink>]).</p> <p>A good example of a podcast that could increase sexual health literacy is The Sex Wrap (TSW). TSW is an edutainment and evidence-based Podcast aimed at adolescents and young adults, which employs sexual health literacy simply as having the skills to access, understand, and use sexual health information. It promises to cover "everything you were too afraid to ask at home, too embarrassed to ask at school, or that was just too hard to ask a partner," in addition to providing listeners with diverse sexual, health information related to topics missing from school-based sex education (Cooper & Porter, [<reflink idref="bib10" id="ref30">10</reflink>]). Sexual education podcasts like TSW provide actionable and relevant information presented in an easily digestible, accessible, and understandable format to help adolescents and young adults improve their sexual health literacy, sexual attitudes, and behaviors.</p> <hd id="AN0155215290-4">Podcasts and behavior change</hd> <p>Empirical research on podcasts' ability to create behavior change is limited but shows promise. One randomized control study found that a theory-based weight loss podcast produced greater weight loss than a general weight loss podcast (Turner-McGrievy et al., [<reflink idref="bib37" id="ref31">37</reflink>]). While this study did not compare weight loss between podcast listening groups and non-podcast listening groups, it suggests that podcasts based on established behavior change theory can be used to cultivate behavior change.</p> <p>The utility of podcasts to change behaviors is further emphasized using other empirical evidence from health behavior theories. For example, previous research has found that increases in processing and thinking about information, or elaboration, also increases the likelihood of adopting long-lasting behavior change (Turner-McGrievy et al., [<reflink idref="bib37" id="ref32">37</reflink>]).</p> <p>And yet, no studies have demonstrated that a podcast has led directly to sexual behavior change. Research studies have proven that comprehensive sex education interventions can produce positive behavioral change (Chin et al., [<reflink idref="bib8" id="ref33">8</reflink>]). Since podcasts are effective teaching tools, it is logical to assume the same information can be taught through podcasts and produce the same behavioral changes.</p> <hd id="AN0155215290-5">Podcasts as a tool to access sexual health information</hd> <p>Many new technologies can increase adolescent and young adults' access to sexual health information. Several aspects of podcasts make them an especially powerful tool in providing adolescents with access to sexual health knowledge that is a crucial component of sexual health literacy. Podcasts continue to gain adolescent and young adult attention and given that they take advantage of active listening to maintain engagement, podcasts can be considered effective teaching tools (Edison Research, [<reflink idref="bib11" id="ref34">11</reflink>]; Macdonald et al., [<reflink idref="bib21" id="ref35">21</reflink>]). On top of physically expanding access to sexual health knowledge, podcasts can overcome other barriers, such as time, geography, and weather, that may have otherwise prevented adolescents from obtaining sexual health information (Balls-Berry et al., [<reflink idref="bib3" id="ref36">3</reflink>]). Another important aspect of podcasts is that they can be accessed anonymously and confidentially from the comfort of one's chosen environment. Other new media require video, screens, or email, which others may intercept, while podcasts may be utilized with a pair of headphones. This may help adolescents, and young adults access the information without fear of discovery or embarrassment. Additionally, adolescents and young adults may also replay aspects of an episode (or full episodes) to remind themselves of information, which is not possible with in-person learning.</p> <p>Additionally, podcasts can provide the inclusivity element that is so desperately missing from some sexuality education. A study about young gay, bisexual, and questioning men and their sex education found that sexuality and same-sex sexual behaviors are not included in many of their sex education lessons and that the participants answered their questions via information sought from other resources (Sweetnam Pingel et al., [<reflink idref="bib36" id="ref37">36</reflink>]). Many political barriers to implementing more inclusive sex education exist, making this population especially vulnerable to issues with access to decent sexual health information (Boryczka, [<reflink idref="bib4" id="ref38">4</reflink>]). Surpassing these barriers is important because presenting adolescents and young adults with "sexual health information that is relevant to their sexual behaviors or sexual identity" has been shown to decrease sexual risk (Sweetnam Pingel et al., [<reflink idref="bib36" id="ref39">36</reflink>]).</p> <p>According to the Pew Research Center ([<reflink idref="bib27" id="ref40">27</reflink>]), 99% of U.S. adolescents and young adults use the Internet. With the use of headphones or speakers, nearly everyone has access to listen to podcasts. The number of Americans who listen to podcasts has been increasing each year, with 51% of Americans over the age of 12 now reporting having listened to a podcast (Pew Research Center, [<reflink idref="bib27" id="ref41">27</reflink>]). In 2019 the average weekly number of unique users downloading podcasts from the single source of National Public Broadcasting (NPR) increased from 5.7 million in 2017 to 7.1 million in 2018 (Pew Research Center, [<reflink idref="bib27" id="ref42">27</reflink>]). One study found that teenagers preferred blogs, videos, and podcasts as ways to receive sexual health information (Holstrom, [<reflink idref="bib17" id="ref43">17</reflink>]). Additionally, convenience, which included the ability to use podcasts anywhere and anytime, was the most important motivation for college students to use podcasts (Chung & Kim, [<reflink idref="bib9" id="ref44">9</reflink>]). Despite the positive trends in active podcast listeners, there remains a need to transition more Internet users to podcasts to reach their massive potential for increasing access to sexual health information.</p> <hd id="AN0155215290-6">Facilitating access to sexual health information</hd> <p>While health care providers, parents, and teachers are sources adolescents can use to obtain sexual health information, such avenues should not be the only way for adolescents to access that information. Many adolescents either anticipate or experience awkwardness when visiting a health care provider (Buhi et al., [<reflink idref="bib6" id="ref45">6</reflink>]). Additional barriers may arise when talking with parents about topics related to sexuality because the conversation could cause anxiety, and parents may relate talking about sexuality with increased sexual behaviors in adolescents, consequently avoiding the subject (Ashcraft & Murray, [<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref46">1</reflink>]). Although teachers are another important source of information, students may feel apprehensive about using this resource because teachers may feel embarrassed or were poorly trained in this aspect of education (Leung et al., [<reflink idref="bib20" id="ref47">20</reflink>]). Therefore, adolescents value alternate ways to access sexual health information, like the Internet, which can be used as a platform to learn about sensitive health subjects with a large degree of anonymity (Buhi et al., [<reflink idref="bib6" id="ref48">6</reflink>]). Other barriers such as fear of stigma and embarrassment contribute to anonymity being listed as a major concern for young people while searching for sexual health information (Holstrom, [<reflink idref="bib17" id="ref49">17</reflink>]). Studies have reiterated this point by stressing the importance of young people asking questions sans fear of social repercussions (Pariera & McCormack, [<reflink idref="bib26" id="ref50">26</reflink>]). Podcasts can uniquely provide anonymity as many listening platforms do not require log-in information, and content can be downloaded and then listened to on several platforms (Chung & Kim, [<reflink idref="bib9" id="ref51">9</reflink>]). By providing a way to access sexual health information not hampered by anonymity issues that lessen the reach of such information, overall access to sexual health information and, therefore, sexual health literacy can be increased.</p> <p>The second fundamental aspect of better sexual health literacy is the ability to understand sexual health information. In terms of cultivating a better understanding of sexual health information, podcasts are inherently well-suited to do so.</p> <p>Audio's use in teaching and learning is by no means new. Research on the topic finds that "audio has educational ability to influence cognition through clarity of instructions and to influence emotional aspects of learning by conveying immediacy and a connection with the teacher" (Popova & Edirisingha, [<reflink idref="bib29" id="ref52">29</reflink>]). More recently, empirical studies have been done exploring the efficacy of podcasts specifically on learning. A 2017 study analyzing the satisfaction and knowledge gain of students who used podcasts versus textbook chapters found that the group that learned from podcasts had significantly higher gains of knowledge as well as significantly higher satisfaction in terms of comprehensibility, teaching efficacy, and fun while learning (Back et al., [<reflink idref="bib2" id="ref53">2</reflink>]). Another randomized control study focusing on the effects of a podcast aimed at improving Ugandan parents' ability to assess claims about treatment effects found that after the intervention, the podcast group had a higher mean test score and more parents who mastered the concepts (Semakula et al., [<reflink idref="bib32" id="ref54">32</reflink>]). Podcasts were even found useful in educating inner-city men about diabetes (Johnson, Ross, Iwanenko, Schiffert & Sen, [<reflink idref="bib19" id="ref55">19</reflink>]).</p> <p>On top of the evidenced learning advantages, podcasts have the relatively unique ability to capitalize on other ways to improve learning. One study regarding young gay, bisexual, and questioning men (YGBQM) found that characteristics of sexual health websites preferred by youths were easy accessibility, easy digestibility, and regular updates (Sweetnam Pingel et al., [<reflink idref="bib36" id="ref56">36</reflink>]). As previously stated, accessibility and ease of digesting information are values of podcasts, but podcasts can also fulfill the desire for regular updates easily since there is no restraint on posts or difficulty in coding; podcasts are easy to record and upload.</p> <p>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also provides recommendations for practice on improving health literacy based on findings from published studies (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], [<reflink idref="bib7" id="ref57">7</reflink>]). One such recommendation is to "use narrative communication." Studies have found that the use of narrative information increases audience attention and memory of the information and can lead to belief and behavior change (Green, [<reflink idref="bib13" id="ref58">13</reflink>]). The content of podcasts can be easily reformatted to a narrative style without compromising visual learning styles, which may happen in written sources, making it an even more advantageous presentation method for enhancing knowledge.</p> <p>Another recommendation put forth for improving health literacy is to chunk information (CDC, [<reflink idref="bib7" id="ref59">7</reflink>]). Organizational and recall abilities are improved when the audience is not hindered by information overload, and this can be overcome by grouping information into smaller chunks (CDC, [<reflink idref="bib7" id="ref60">7</reflink>]). Creators can make a podcast however long or short they deem necessary and easily capitalize on this information, creating shorter podcasts. Listeners can also stop and replay information.</p> <p>Additionally, podcasts have the unique ability to overcome an issue presented by Sweetnam Pingel et al.'s study, desire to learn sexual health information from someone similar (2013). Participants in the study indicated that sex education could be improved by being delivered by "people who more closely resemble the students being taught" (Sweetnam Pingel et al., [<reflink idref="bib36" id="ref61">36</reflink>]). According to one study, only 26% of sexual health websites disclosed the name of the person(s) or organization(s) that took part in writing the information (Buhi et al., [<reflink idref="bib6" id="ref62">6</reflink>]). With podcasts, on the other hand, you know who is speaking to you, making it more likely that adolescents know the information is coming from someone like them. Additionally, podcasts can constantly change guest speakers, increasing the chances that those seeking sexual health information can get it from a source they feel they know.</p> <hd id="AN0155215290-7">Limitations</hd> <p>While podcasts can be an excellent vehicle to improve sexual health literacy, attitudes, and behaviors, there are several limitations to consider. Podcasts require a smartphone or a computer with internet access, and not all adolescents and young adults have access to the requisite technologies. Podcasts may be inaccessible to potential listeners for various other reasons, including language barriers, hearing impairments, and limited auditory learning skills. Another important limitation is that unless a podcast is structured and developed with listener participation in mind, they are a unidirectional communication channel. For podcasts to be effective, listeners also need to have enough media literacy and discernment to determine if a podcast is evidence-based and provides accurate information. In the Teen Internet Access and Use Survey, 40% of teens surveyed reported using the Internet to find sexual health information (Ralph et al., [<reflink idref="bib30" id="ref63">30</reflink>]), and other studies have identified sexual health as one of the most commonly searched topics on the Internet by teens (Jackson et al., [<reflink idref="bib18" id="ref64">18</reflink>]). However, access without media literacy can lead to the consumption of inaccurate information. A 2010 study of 177 sexual health websites found that websites including frequently searched sexual health topics (contraception, STD, abortion, penis size, and emergency contraception) contained the highest amount of inaccurate information (Buhi et al., [<reflink idref="bib6" id="ref65">6</reflink>]). Focus groups have shown that teens are aware of this issue, expressing their frustrations that most of the sexual health information they have found online was inconsistent or unreliable (Ralph et al., [<reflink idref="bib30" id="ref66">30</reflink>]).</p> <hd id="AN0155215290-8">Conclusion</hd> <p>Sexual health literacy is not achieved until people use the knowledge that has been accessed and learned. Such utilization of knowledge can be demonstrated by behavioral change, and podcasts are now an important opportunity to help create sexual behavioral change. Evidence shows that podcasts can increase access to, improve understanding of, and demonstrate the use of sexual health information. All of which support the fact that podcasts can improve sexual health literacy for adolescents and young adults. It is certainly worth exploring this proposition by adopting existing podcasts to sexual health curricula and evaluating the effectiveness of these programs. It would be valuable to include the creation and distribution of podcasts as a recommended form of dissemination in sexual health grant schemes. With researchers and sexual health educators producing comprehensive sexual health podcasts aimed at improving sexual health literacy as translational research, the gap in adequate sexual health education can be closed, helping to improve overall sexual health in the United States. Additionally, we propose that such podcasts should be formally evaluated to determine their effectiveness as educational interventions, specifically in the field of human sexuality.</p> <ref id="AN0155215290-9"> <title> References </title> <blist> <bibl id="bib1" idref="ref46" type="bt">1</bibl> <bibtext> Ashcraft, A. M., & Murray, P. J. (2017). Talking to parents about adolescent sexuality. 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  Data: Podcasts and Their Potential to Improve Sexual Health Literacy in Adolescents and Young Adults
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Porter%2C+Andrew+W%2E%22">Porter, Andrew W.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cooper%2C+Spring+C%2E%22">Cooper, Spring C.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Palmedo%2C+P%2E+Christopher%22">Palmedo, P. Christopher</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wojtowicz%2C+Nina%22">Wojtowicz, Nina</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chong%2C+Julia%22">Chong, Julia</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Maddalon%2C+Marissa%22">Maddalon, Marissa</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22American+Journal+of+Sexuality+Education%22"><i>American Journal of Sexuality Education</i></searchLink>. 2022 17(1):125-136.
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  Data: Taylor & Francis. Available from: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 530 Walnut Street Suite 850, Philadelphia, PA 19106. Tel: 800-354-1420; Tel: 215-625-8900; Fax: 215-207-0050; Web site: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals
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  Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Descriptive
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Audio+Equipment%22">Audio Equipment</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sexuality%22">Sexuality</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sex+Education%22">Sex Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Public+Health%22">Public Health</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Health+Behavior%22">Health Behavior</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Intervention%22">Intervention</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Teaching+Methods%22">Teaching Methods</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Barriers%22">Barriers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Confidentiality%22">Confidentiality</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Social+Media%22">Social Media</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Behavior+Change%22">Behavior Change</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Access+to+Education%22">Access to Education</searchLink>
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  Data: 10.1080/15546128.2021.1987365
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  Data: 1554-6128
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Low health literacy poses many problems in the public health field and is linked to numerous negative health outcomes, including STIs and unplanned pregnancies. While many interventions focus on giving adolescents and young adults access to comprehensive sex education, these interventions do not necessarily improve sexual health literacy, which is a major asset to improving sexual health. Learning the skills to access, understand, and use sexual health information can compensate for the deficit of comprehensive sex education in the U.S. and worldwide. One innovative way this issue can be addressed is through the use of educational sexual health podcasts. Podcasts are a proven, effective tool to disseminate health information to a large population of people. They can be particularly useful in increasing sexual health literacy by increasing access by eliminating logistical barriers and embarrassment and confidentiality issues.
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