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Cognitive Mechanisms of Perspective-Taking across Adulthood: An Eye-Tracking Study Using the Director Task

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Title: Cognitive Mechanisms of Perspective-Taking across Adulthood: An Eye-Tracking Study Using the Director Task
Language: English
Authors: Bradford, Elisabeth E. F. (ORCID 0000-0001-7647-0891), Brunsdon, Victoria E. A., Ferguson, Heather J. (ORCID 0000-0002-1575-4820)
Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. Jun 2023 49(6):959-973.
Availability: American Psychological Association. Journals Department, 750 First Street NE, Washington, DC 20002. Tel: 800-374-2721; Tel: 202-336-5510; Fax: 202-336-5502; e-mail: order@apa.org; Web site: http://www.apa.org
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 15
Publication Date: 2023
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Descriptors: Perspective Taking, Eye Movements, Error Patterns, Older Adults, Comparative Analysis, Theory of Mind, Young Adults, Adults, Age Differences, Executive Function, Attention Control, Self Concept, Correlation, Social Cognition, Aging (Individuals), Task Analysis, Foreign Countries, Color, Interference (Learning), Visual Stimuli, Reaction Time, Interpersonal Relationship, Computer Assisted Testing
Geographic Terms: United Kingdom (England)
Assessment and Survey Identifiers: Stroop Color Word Test
DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001190
ISSN: 0278-7393
1939-1285
Abstract: Perspective-taking plays an important role in daily life, allowing consideration of other people's perspectives and viewpoints. This study used a large sample of 265 community-based participants (aged 20-86 years) to examine changes in perspective-taking abilities--a component of "Theory of Mind"--across adulthood, and how these changes may relate to individual differences in executive functions at different ages. Participants completed a referential-communication task (the "Director" task) while behavioral responses and eye movements were recorded, along with four measures of executive functions (inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility, and planning). Results revealed a quadratic fit of age in egocentric errors; performance on the task plateaued between 20 to [approximately]37 years old but showed a substantial decline from [approximately]38 years onward (i.e., increased egocentric errors). A similar pattern was established in eye-movement measures, demonstrating that advancing age led to a decrease in efficient attention orientation to a target. In other words, older adults were more distracted by a hidden competitor object (egocentric interference) and were therefore delayed in orienting their attention to the correct target object. Mediation analyses revealed that executive functions partially mediated the effect of age on perspective-taking abilities. Importantly, however, the relationship between age and egocentric bias in task performance remained significant when controlling for changes in executive functions, indicating a decline in social cognition abilities with advancing age that was independent of age-related declines in more domain-general abilities, such as executive functions.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2023
Accession Number: EJ1385022
Database: ERIC
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PubType: Academic Journal
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  Data: Cognitive Mechanisms of Perspective-Taking across Adulthood: An Eye-Tracking Study Using the Director Task
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  Data: English
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bradford%2C+Elisabeth+E%2E+F%2E%22">Bradford, Elisabeth E. F.</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7647-0891">0000-0001-7647-0891</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Brunsdon%2C+Victoria+E%2E+A%2E%22">Brunsdon, Victoria E. A.</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ferguson%2C+Heather+J%2E%22">Ferguson, Heather J.</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1575-4820">0000-0002-1575-4820</externalLink>)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Journal+of+Experimental+Psychology%3A+Learning%2C+Memory%2C+and+Cognition%22"><i>Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition</i></searchLink>. Jun 2023 49(6):959-973.
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  Data: American Psychological Association. Journals Department, 750 First Street NE, Washington, DC 20002. Tel: 800-374-2721; Tel: 202-336-5510; Fax: 202-336-5502; e-mail: order@apa.org; Web site: http://www.apa.org
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  Data: 15
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  Data: 2023
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Perspective+Taking%22">Perspective Taking</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Eye+Movements%22">Eye Movements</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Error+Patterns%22">Error Patterns</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Older+Adults%22">Older Adults</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Comparative+Analysis%22">Comparative Analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Theory+of+Mind%22">Theory of Mind</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Young+Adults%22">Young Adults</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Adults%22">Adults</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Age+Differences%22">Age Differences</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Executive+Function%22">Executive Function</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Attention+Control%22">Attention Control</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Self+Concept%22">Self Concept</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Correlation%22">Correlation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Social+Cognition%22">Social Cognition</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Aging+%28Individuals%29%22">Aging (Individuals)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Task+Analysis%22">Task Analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Foreign+Countries%22">Foreign Countries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Color%22">Color</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Interference+%28Learning%29%22">Interference (Learning)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Visual+Stimuli%22">Visual Stimuli</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Reaction+Time%22">Reaction Time</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Interpersonal+Relationship%22">Interpersonal Relationship</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Computer+Assisted+Testing%22">Computer Assisted Testing</searchLink>
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  Data: 10.1037/xlm0001190
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  Data: Perspective-taking plays an important role in daily life, allowing consideration of other people's perspectives and viewpoints. This study used a large sample of 265 community-based participants (aged 20-86 years) to examine changes in perspective-taking abilities--a component of "Theory of Mind"--across adulthood, and how these changes may relate to individual differences in executive functions at different ages. Participants completed a referential-communication task (the "Director" task) while behavioral responses and eye movements were recorded, along with four measures of executive functions (inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility, and planning). Results revealed a quadratic fit of age in egocentric errors; performance on the task plateaued between 20 to [approximately]37 years old but showed a substantial decline from [approximately]38 years onward (i.e., increased egocentric errors). A similar pattern was established in eye-movement measures, demonstrating that advancing age led to a decrease in efficient attention orientation to a target. In other words, older adults were more distracted by a hidden competitor object (egocentric interference) and were therefore delayed in orienting their attention to the correct target object. Mediation analyses revealed that executive functions partially mediated the effect of age on perspective-taking abilities. Importantly, however, the relationship between age and egocentric bias in task performance remained significant when controlling for changes in executive functions, indicating a decline in social cognition abilities with advancing age that was independent of age-related declines in more domain-general abilities, such as executive functions.
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        Value: 10.1037/xlm0001190
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      – Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Error Patterns
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      – SubjectFull: Older Adults
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