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When Do We Know That We Do Not Know? An Examination of Metacognitive Processes in Visual Working Memory

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Title: When Do We Know That We Do Not Know? An Examination of Metacognitive Processes in Visual Working Memory
Language: English
Authors: Krasnoff, Julia (ORCID 0000-0002-5330-0539), Oberauer, Klaus
Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. Sep 2023 49(9):1376-1395.
Availability: American Psychological Association. Journals Department, 750 First Street NE, Washington, DC 20002. Tel: 800-374-2721; Tel: 202-336-5510; Fax: 202-336-5502; e-mail: order@apa.org; Web site: http://www.apa.org
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 20
Publication Date: 2023
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Education Level: Higher Education
Postsecondary Education
Descriptors: Metacognition, Short Term Memory, Visual Perception, Color, Cues, Guessing (Tests), College Students, Foreign Countries, Confidence Testing
Geographic Terms: Switzerland
DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001211
ISSN: 0278-7393
1939-1285
Abstract: This work investigates how people make judgments about the content of their visual working memory (VWM). Some studies on long-term memory suggest that people base those metacognitive judgments on the outcome of a retrieval attempt. In contrast, Son and Metcalfe (2005) observed that people identify poorly remembered items immediately, presumably by the lack of familiarity for the retrieval cue. We tested these two hypotheses in the context of metacognition in VWM. In three experiments, we investigated participants' response behavior in a color reproduction task with a hidden color wheel. With this procedure, participants must search for the intended response, starting from a random color. We assumed that instant awareness of the inability to retrieve an information would be reflected in selecting the first, random color, rather than search for a particular color in the wheel. Although participants provided a substantial number of low-confidence responses, results of an adapted mixture modeling analysis yielded little evidence for quick guesses. Rather, participants consistently searched for a color (even with unfamiliar retrieval cues in Experiment 2), and only quickly guessed when being cued with objects at test that were not previously presented (Experiment 3). We conclude that people usually engage in retrieval attempts for providing judgments about their VWM, even when information is poorly remembered.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2023
Accession Number: EJ1386198
Database: ERIC
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Krasnoff%2C+Julia%22">Krasnoff, Julia</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5330-0539">0000-0002-5330-0539</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Oberauer%2C+Klaus%22">Oberauer, Klaus</searchLink>
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  Data: American Psychological Association. Journals Department, 750 First Street NE, Washington, DC 20002. Tel: 800-374-2721; Tel: 202-336-5510; Fax: 202-336-5502; e-mail: order@apa.org; Web site: http://www.apa.org
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  Data: This work investigates how people make judgments about the content of their visual working memory (VWM). Some studies on long-term memory suggest that people base those metacognitive judgments on the outcome of a retrieval attempt. In contrast, Son and Metcalfe (2005) observed that people identify poorly remembered items immediately, presumably by the lack of familiarity for the retrieval cue. We tested these two hypotheses in the context of metacognition in VWM. In three experiments, we investigated participants' response behavior in a color reproduction task with a hidden color wheel. With this procedure, participants must search for the intended response, starting from a random color. We assumed that instant awareness of the inability to retrieve an information would be reflected in selecting the first, random color, rather than search for a particular color in the wheel. Although participants provided a substantial number of low-confidence responses, results of an adapted mixture modeling analysis yielded little evidence for quick guesses. Rather, participants consistently searched for a color (even with unfamiliar retrieval cues in Experiment 2), and only quickly guessed when being cued with objects at test that were not previously presented (Experiment 3). We conclude that people usually engage in retrieval attempts for providing judgments about their VWM, even when information is poorly remembered.
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        Value: 10.1037/xlm0001211
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      – Text: English
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        PageCount: 20
        StartPage: 1376
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Short Term Memory
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      – SubjectFull: Visual Perception
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      – SubjectFull: Color
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      – SubjectFull: Cues
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      – SubjectFull: Guessing (Tests)
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      – SubjectFull: College Students
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      – SubjectFull: Foreign Countries
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      – SubjectFull: Confidence Testing
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      – SubjectFull: Switzerland
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: When Do We Know That We Do Not Know? An Examination of Metacognitive Processes in Visual Working Memory
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              Type: published
              Y: 2023
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