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Internationalisation of Medical Education in China: A 10-Year Overview of Students' Outward Mobility

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Title: Internationalisation of Medical Education in China: A 10-Year Overview of Students' Outward Mobility
Language: English
Authors: Jiang, Qin (ORCID 0000-0002-5559-8295), Sun, Hong (ORCID 0000-0003-3858-4315), Yuan, Feng, Duan, Wei, Wu, Yang, Liu, Shenjun (ORCID 0000-0002-8692-2211)
Source: Innovations in Education and Teaching International. 2023 60(6):799-809.
Availability: Routledge. Available from: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 530 Walnut Street Suite 850, Philadelphia, PA 19106. Tel: 800-354-1420; Tel: 215-625-8900; Fax: 215-207-0050; Web site: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 11
Publication Date: 2023
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Education Level: Higher Education
Postsecondary Education
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Medical Education, Undergraduate Students, Graduate Students, International Programs, Student Mobility, Global Approach, Tuition, Study Abroad, Program Length, Student Attitudes, Decision Making, College Choice, Longitudinal Studies
Geographic Terms: China
DOI: 10.1080/14703297.2022.2080096
ISSN: 1470-3297
1470-3300
Abstract: Internationalisation of medical education is critical under globalisation. Using micro-data from a medical university, this study launches a longitudinal quantitative study on students' outward mobility to identify the international level of medical education in China. The number of student participation in cross-border programmes is the index to the character of mobility. Descriptive statistics was applied using Microsoft Excel. The results showed a rising tendency of medical students' outward mobility however a low level. Undergraduates were more likely to participate in outward activities than graduate students. They demonstrated greater interest in short-term programmes than long-term course studies and research programmes. Compared with the US and the UK, traditional destinations like Australia and other European countries were not as popular. Developed countries and regions in Asia were emerging destinations, while developing countries were ignored. University played a central role in financing students' outward mobility.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2023
Accession Number: EJ1401913
Database: ERIC
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  Value: <anid>AN0173180034;hzj01dec.23;2023Oct27.06:13;v2.2.500</anid> <title id="AN0173180034-1">Internationalisation of medical education in China: A 10-year overview of students' outward mobility </title> <p>Internationalisation of medical education is critical under globalisation. Using micro-data from a medical university, this study launches a longitudinal quantitative study on students' outward mobility to identify the international level of medical education in China. The number of student participation in cross-border programmes is the index to the character of mobility. Descriptive statistics was applied using Microsoft Excel. The results showed a rising tendency of medical students' outward mobility however a low level. Undergraduates were more likely to participate in outward activities than graduate students. They demonstrated greater interest in short-term programmes than long-term course studies and research programmes. Compared with the US and the UK, traditional destinations like Australia and other European countries were not as popular. Developed countries and regions in Asia were emerging destinations, while developing countries were ignored. University played a central role in financing students' outward mobility.</p> <p>Keywords: Medical student; outward mobility; medical education; internationalisation; quantitative analysis</p> <hd id="AN0173180034-2">Introduction</hd> <p>Globalisation has not only promoted economic and cultural exchanges among countries but affected health with the acceleration of global population mobility. Transnational contacts have brought more emerging medical problems to countries, which requires health professionals in the world to strengthen cooperation, especially in the COVID-19 pandemic period. Medical students (MSs), who serve as future medical and health workforce, should be integrated with the world and kept up-to-date to guarantee their professionalism. Internationalisation of medical education (IoME) is becoming increasingly essential to improve the prevention and treatment of diseases globally. In line with this, the Chinese government has formulated several policies ("The Central People's Government," [<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref1">1</reflink>]; Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, [<reflink idref="bib10" id="ref2">10</reflink>]) to address the cultivation of global-minded, high-end medical talents with outstanding innovation, presenting Chinese medical education an opportunity for internationalisation. Echoing this, Chinese medical universities (MUs) have incorporated various forms of international activities in the education system, such as encouraging exchange students to study in foreign universities, supporting teaching and research staff in overseas visits, developing joint education programmes and launching research collaborations (Zhu et al., [<reflink idref="bib24" id="ref3">24</reflink>]). As one of the important indicators for identifying the internationalisation degree, MS mobility became the primary interest in conceiving this research.</p> <hd id="AN0173180034-3">Student mobility</hd> <p>Student mobility usually refers to 'international students who are taking a full degree abroad or students who are participating in a short-term, semester or year-abroad program' (Knight, [<reflink idref="bib9" id="ref4">9</reflink>], p. 24). With China's growing participation in the process of globalisation since its entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO), a continuously rising number of Chinese students have pursued a study outside their home country for broadening international horizons. They usually sought overseas study through mobility programmes organised by the governments, home universities and their friendly partners and third parties. Apart from these channels, they contacted universities or organisations for their interested programmes regardless of the existence of funding. However, a large proportion went outward through the governments and institutions, as they were where financial support came from. According to the central government, the China Scholarship Council (CSC) has been the best-known entity under the Ministry of Education (MoU), funding students nationwide for their overseas studies. Scholarship schemes were created to fund master's or doctoral education abroad in the late 2010s with limited grants per year. In the following, undergraduate exchange programmes were designed for funding elites based on the bilateral agreements. However, these programmes target students from universities under the direct jurisdiction of the MoU. Serving as a supplement, the provincial government initiated scholarship programmes to cater for undergraduate students (UgSs) from regional universities, yet there was restriction on the number of participants. More is relied on institutions for sponsoring students to undertake their studies abroad; annual budgets are always reserved for sustaining students' mobility.</p> <hd id="AN0173180034-4">Literature review</hd> <p>Current literature showed a wide range of studies on student mobility, such as the determinants of student flow (Paweł & Ciabiada, [<reflink idref="bib16" id="ref5">16</reflink>]; Stroud, [<reflink idref="bib18" id="ref6">18</reflink>]), the trends and patterns of studying abroad (Chan, [<reflink idref="bib2" id="ref7">2</reflink>]), the perceptions and effects of overseas experiences (Chang, [<reflink idref="bib3" id="ref8">3</reflink>]) and the mobility between countries (Chen & Barnett, [<reflink idref="bib4" id="ref9">4</reflink>]). Given the great impact globalisation imposed upon public health, international medical electives (IMEs), recognised as an important part of the medical curriculum, turned out to be an area of active interest (Jeffrey et al., [<reflink idref="bib8" id="ref10">8</reflink>]; Miranda et al., [<reflink idref="bib12" id="ref11">12</reflink>]; Willott et al., [<reflink idref="bib21" id="ref12">21</reflink>]). However, empirical study on MS mobility was scarce. This void creates many questions about the current patterns or emerging trends of MS mobility and the challenges and prospects related to their mobility behaviour. This study aims to set an important initiative in China to touch upon these major issues on MS outward mobility. Hopefully, it will benefit the related policymakers to ameliorate these issues and promote IoME in a global range.</p> <p>Two questions guided the data collection and analysis:</p> <olist> <item> What are the features presented in the outward mobility of MSs over time?</item> <item> What are the key issues presented in China IoME?</item> </olist> <hd id="AN0173180034-5">Research methodology</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0173180034-6">Research design</hd> <p>This is a longitudinal quantitative study with a unique case (Yin, [<reflink idref="bib22" id="ref13">22</reflink>]). By collecting registration forms for participating in mobility programmes, we conducted a descriptive content analysis (Stemler, [<reflink idref="bib17" id="ref14">17</reflink>]) on the data of mobile students over 10 years (2010–2019), aiming to depict a preliminary picture of IoME in China with a focus on the main trends of MSs past flow, central to the discussion were the development of IoME in China and the implications of existing issues.</p> <hd id="AN0173180034-7">Sample and setting</hd> <p>The case selected was an independent regional MU under the administration of Jiangsu provincial government. According to Directory of China institutions of medical education published by National Center for Health Professions Education Development, ([<reflink idref="bib15" id="ref15">15</reflink>]), regional MUs are the main body for the cultivation of medical and health talents at the primary level (the rest are under the direct administration of MoE), accounting for 92.10% of all the independent MUs. The university offers bachelor's, master's and doctoral programmes to 16,000 students; all the disciplines are medicine and health-related. Clinical programmes last for five years, and non-clinical four years. Given that the students' mobility pattern of regional MUs would be influenced by the same variables, e.g. preferential policy at the governmental level and quality of teachers and students at institutional level, we think it is meaningful to conduct a study on MSs outward mobility with Xuzhou Medical University as a representative object.</p> <p>The subject of this study was a cohort of registered students who attended cross-border programmes during the course of their degree. Alongside the internationalisation of higher education (IHE), they were encouraged to spend part of their studies abroad in whichever year. All the information related to the mobility programme organised by the university was in open access. To ensure that all the students knew of the possibility of moving, the university posted every piece of the information on the website. Administrators overseeing students' affairs were invited to promote such messages within the scope of their individual schools. Adding to the above, the university organised advertising campaigns regularly for providing consulting services, e.g. the policies of selection criteria and funding availability. Students can decide whether to attend the programmes or not and which programme to attend. They can also get opportunities for overseas study elsewhere, such as the agent and other universities. As long as they were registered university students while being mobile, they would be recorded in our data. Mobility programme in this study pertains to the short-term study tour, such as language courses and clinical observation, and one semester/year exchange programme with earned academic credits. It also includes collaborative degree programmes, involving study towards a full qualification to get a degree from home university or both home and host universities. However, more opportunities were created for short-term visits (63.79%), as they mostly related to general courses, requesting no academic or language qualifications, and were easier to join. For encouragement, there was no limit on the number of participants and the educational background for short-term programmes. While exchange programmes and degree programmes were usually worked out by respective schools with their international partners, restrictions depended on the agreements. The university provided subsidies as encouragement in case no funding was received from other sides, for example, to reimburse a certain proportion of the cost or the fees for taking IELTS/TOEFL.</p> <hd id="AN0173180034-8">Data collection</hd> <p>The data used to describe MSs outward mobility were obtained from the international office, one of the administrative departments dedicated to the funding, planning, and management of university internationalisation, including student mobility. While registering for the programmes, information about students' backgrounds, destinations, programme preferences and funding plans were recorded. Benefiting from the fact that most authors have been working in the international office for more than 10 years, data were in complete collection. Students were noted that information mentioned in the registration form would be used for research purposes. All the participants gave consent for their information to be published in a scholarly journal anonymously.</p> <p>Students considered in this study totalled 431, involving 399 UgSs (92.58%) and 32 graduate students (GSs) (7.42%). Most of the UgSs completed their overseas study in the second year (<reflink idref="bib128" id="ref16">128</reflink>, 32.08%) and the third year (<reflink idref="bib150" id="ref17">150</reflink>, 37.69%), while the fourth year students (<reflink idref="bib7" id="ref18">7</reflink>, 1.87%) demonstrated little interest in mobility. The participants came from diverse backgrounds, 63.24% were from clinical medicine, 6.49% public health, 4.75% pharmacy, 4.13% dentistry, 4.06% nursing, 3.76% bioscience, 3.51% medical information, 2.26% medical technology, and 1.50% management.</p> <hd id="AN0173180034-9">Descriptive statistics</hd> <p>The information presented in the individual registration form was analysed with quantitative and qualitative techniques. Data were compiled and processed with the use of Microsoft Excel. The number of outward students was the index to the feature of MS outflow, and certain variables were considered in the analysis: year, grade, study area, destination, programme type and funding source. Data were classified into categories and summarised, and basic calculations were made by percentage (Elo & Kyngäs, [<reflink idref="bib7" id="ref19">7</reflink>]).</p> <hd id="AN0173180034-10">Results</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0173180034-11">Number fluctuate of outward students in recent 10 years</hd> <p>The overall tendency of students' outward mobility has been increasing in the past 10 years, despite a slight decline between 2012 (<reflink idref="bib7" id="ref20">7</reflink>) and 2013 (<reflink idref="bib8" id="ref21">8</reflink>). The number of mobile students has risen from zero in 2010 up to 154 in 2019. In the first five years, the volume was rather modest, with an average of 13.4, yet significant growth has been achieved since 2015, the average increasing rate reaching 41.62%.</p> <hd id="AN0173180034-12">Programme types and their participants</hd> <p>It is clear in Figure 1 that 90.72% (<reflink idref="bib391" id="ref22">391</reflink>) of the mobile students participated in short-term study tours. Very few students joined in collaborative degree programmes (<reflink idref="bib18" id="ref23">18</reflink>, 4.18%) or research programmes (<reflink idref="bib19" id="ref24">19</reflink>, 4.41%). Students participating in exchange programmes were even fewer, taking up 0.7% (<reflink idref="bib3" id="ref25">3</reflink>). Since 63.79% of the university-operated programmes were short term, it can be inferred that there was an over-representation of students in short-term programmes (90.72%). When it comes to exchange programmes and collaborative degree programmes, either 0.7% of exchange students or 4.18% of degree students were definitely a small proportion when contrasting the programme proportion of 18.97% and 17.24%, respectively.</p> <p>Graph: Figure 1. Programme types and their participants.</p> <hd id="AN0173180034-13">Destinations of outward mobility</hd> <p>Figure 2 displays the changing tendency of destinations over time. It is noticeable that North America was the only favourable place for overseas study in the early years. While starting from the year 2014, the destination has expanded to other continents, excluding developing countries. When comparing the changing market share, North America experienced a downward trend though a stable number of 21 on average, while Asia upward due to an abrupt rise starting from the year 2015. Asia came in the first position with a proportion of 44.32% (<reflink idref="bib191" id="ref26">191</reflink>), North America (<reflink idref="bib179" id="ref27">179</reflink>, 41.53%) stayed in the top choice list despite growing competition from non-traditional study destinations, Europe the third 13.46% (<reflink idref="bib58" id="ref28">58</reflink>) and lastly Oceania 0.7% (<reflink idref="bib3" id="ref29">3</reflink>).</p> <p>Graph: Figure 2. Proportions of destinations by continent from 2010 to 2019.</p> <p>The most popular places were developed countries/regions like the USA (<reflink idref="bib128" id="ref30">128</reflink>, 34.78%), Hong Kong (<reflink idref="bib75" id="ref31">75</reflink>, 20.38%), South Korea (<reflink idref="bib49" id="ref32">49</reflink>, 13.32%), the UK (<reflink idref="bib33" id="ref33">33</reflink>, 8.97%), and Japan (<reflink idref="bib28" id="ref34">28</reflink>, 7.61%), fewer students (<reflink idref="bib15" id="ref35">15</reflink>, 4.08%) found interest in less developed countries/regions.</p> <hd id="AN0173180034-14">Sources of financial support</hd> <p>In this study, tuition fees account for 69.50% of the total cost of being mobile. As shown in Figure 3, a majority of the outward students (<reflink idref="bib289" id="ref36">289</reflink>, 67.05%) received funding support from the university for their tuition fees. The best-performing students in academics (<reflink idref="bib61" id="ref37">61</reflink>, 14.15%) got sufficient grants to cover their tuition fees from the government, and 3.02% (<reflink idref="bib13" id="ref38">13</reflink>) of them still got support for their travel expenses. However, most mobile students (<reflink idref="bib343" id="ref39">343</reflink>, 79.58%) paid their own travel expenses, and 82.60% (<reflink idref="bib356" id="ref40">356</reflink>) paid their living expenses by self-financing. Only outstanding students with inadequate financial support (<reflink idref="bib75" id="ref41">75</reflink>, 17.4%) received overseas living subsidies from the university. Some students got financial support from foreign partner universities (<reflink idref="bib47" id="ref42">47</reflink>, 10.9%), but it only occurred in exchange programmes where both parties of the contract waived the related fees in the provision of a balanced student number.</p> <p>Graph: Figure 3. Proportions of students with different sources of financial support.</p> <hd id="AN0173180034-15">Discussion</hd> <p>This study provided evidence of an overall rising tendency of MS outward mobility. On top of that, students' mobility in China was heavily directed by government policy. In 2010, <emph>the Outline of Medium- and Long-Term Education Reform and Development Plan of Jiangsu Province (2010–2020)</emph> and <emph>Education Development Plan of Jiangsu Province in the 12th Five-Year Plan</emph> were released to keep in line with the national ones. The plans requested that the proportion of UgSs with overseas learning experience be further improved. What followed were the scholarship programmes launched by the provincial government in the spring of 2013 for overseas learning and the continuous increase of UgSs participation. In response to the government policies, institutions at different developmental stages followed suit to encourage study abroad; more students were found mobile in the following years. While looking at the ratio of MSs moving in our case, it remained modest (0.75% in 2019) despite over 10 years of development. For comparison, 2.16% of the respondents in the <emph>China Medical Students Survey 2020</emph> (National Center for Health Professions Education Development, [<reflink idref="bib14" id="ref43">14</reflink>]) expressed they ever had experiences of studying abroad. With these figures, it is not overstated that poor mobility of MSs was a phenomenon nationwide, and the situation in regional MU was even worse. Since the strategy of 'Double First-class' was initiated (MoU, [<reflink idref="bib11" id="ref44">11</reflink>]), the concept of internationalisation has transformed from 'increasing the quantity' to 'improving the quality', resources allocated by competitiveness instead of identity, e.g. 'project 985' and 'project 211', providing equal opportunities for the internationalisation of regional universities. Therefore, institutions emphasised the actual effect of cooperation, exemplified in student mobility. The quantitative evaluation index focused on students obtaining foreign credits or degrees rather than simply moving.</p> <p>While in this study, a considerable number (90.72%) of outward students went mobile for short-term study tours, few for course study (4.88%) or research training (4.41%). The reason might be attributed to the disintegration of the study subjects between home and host universities as few would disagree that differences in educational and curriculum systems between countries have always been identified as the main obstacles to MSs international exchange (Zhu et al., [<reflink idref="bib24" id="ref45">24</reflink>]). Given that the complexity of the healthcare environment demands a multidisciplinary approach to medicine development, choices for overseas study should not be confined to medical courses only. The combination of engineering, medicine, and science helps expedite the innovation of medicine development. Humanities education is also necessary for nurturing MSs and improving their humanistic skills while providing medical services. We highlight the need to cultivate MS multidisciplinary ability by incorporating international knowledge into the current course scheme.</p> <p>For the small proportion of research programmes (<reflink idref="bib19" id="ref46">19</reflink>, 4.41%), it surely owes to the absence of international programmes that offer aspects of research training. Although the Plan of Three Early Education in China Medical Teaching Reform (early involvement of clinic, scientific research, and social practice) has been advocated for long to explore an innovative way of talent cultivation, there lacks a sufficient supply of research approaches in undergraduate education. In <emph>the China Medical Student Survey 2020</emph> (National Center for Health Professions Education Development, [<reflink idref="bib14" id="ref47">14</reflink>]), 37.96% of the respondents expressed they were provided with guidance in research, whereas only 23.15% ever approached research programmes. In this study, laboratories regularly published open research topics for inviting UgSs to participate in their research projects. However, chances went solely to top students. This was also common in other regional MUs (Zhang et al., [<reflink idref="bib23" id="ref48">23</reflink>]). To further extend the coverage of research training, it would be better to integrate research as a formal part of the degree course. Moreover, professors, knowing well of the differences and similarities, should be encouraged to set up dialogues with overseas laboratories for research training opportunities and provide stimulus for MSs international interactions.</p> <p>In the study, European countries except the UK were not as popular as they were expected. Although Germany and France are well developed in higher education and with solid funding policies, they were not as popular as the USA and the UK, possibly due to language barriers. A survey on the intercultural competence of Chinese MSs (Wang & Cao, [<reflink idref="bib19" id="ref49">19</reflink>]) revealed that they did not perform well in the context of English as a lingua franca (ELF). Additionally, Wen et al. ([<reflink idref="bib20" id="ref50">20</reflink>]) claimed that Chinese MSs have trouble communicating in medical context as the teaching of foreign languages in China was mainly focused on daily communication, which cannot meet the need of academic exchange. It coincides with the case of this study, those moving can usually reach the level of TOEFL 70/IELTS 6.0 and above, yet they felt clumsy in international communication in academics. English as a communication language was even a deterrent from mobility, not to mention studying in a second foreign language environment. Another reason might be attributed to regional economic cooperation. For mutual understanding, strengthened promotion is known to be required. They can consider designing elementary programmes that are easy to approach and offer tailored programmes in English other than the majority language of the country. As a regional MU, promotion is also of paramount importance, as its location in a prefectural city makes it obscured from the outside world all along. To obtain international recognition, the first is to identify the strengths and take them as chips for cooperation. Besides, a detailed English website should be elaborated.</p> <p>Developed Asian countries were found to be increasingly popular, arising from the demographic advantage, lower prices, and similar cultural background to Chinese students (Paweł & Ciabiada, [<reflink idref="bib16" id="ref51">16</reflink>]). It is inevitable to desire the cutting-edge technology of developed countries. Nonetheless, health-related issues impact human lives. MSs need to be trained not only to meet local or domestic medical services but to have an overall and international outlook, especially when global health is threatened. In the UK, 40% of MSs were reported to have visited a developing country during their electives (Miranda et al., [<reflink idref="bib12" id="ref52">12</reflink>]). Curricula reform was also largely called for by developed countries to include global health issues in medical education (Drain et al., [<reflink idref="bib5" id="ref53">5</reflink>]; Edwards et al., [<reflink idref="bib6" id="ref54">6</reflink>]). This should be a wake-up call for medical education in China and other parts of the world.</p> <p>Our study also provided insight into the effect of funding. Over the past 10 years, stable and continuous growth in students' mobility was detected in parallel with increasing financial support, mainly from the university. However, Chinese regional universities suffer from restrained resources for internationalisation due to their bottom place on the pyramid of higher education. What is more, 34.29% of MSs were from low-income families and half of them expressed financial constraints of their daily studies (National Center for Health Professions Education Development, [<reflink idref="bib13" id="ref55">13</reflink>]). In this study, there was an estimated 25% UgSs from underprivileged families, for whom coverage of financial costs seems to be a critical factor that impacts mobility. It is a pity that no data is available relating family income to mobility, yet most students competed for full scholarships and quit once failed, with a number of partial scholarships left unused. Hence, measures need to be taken for procuring external funding from multiple directions rather than relying solely on the national budget. The university sought support from local government with a contribution to regional development and collaborated with well-known enterprises at home and abroad by inviting their participation in career development. Furthermore, they encouraged individual schools to seek cooperation with all works of life for internationalisation.</p> <hd id="AN0173180034-16">Conclusion</hd> <p>This is the first study describing MS outward mobility with longitudinal quantitative research method, complementing the literature with a database for examining the mobility patterns of MSs. Although this study was restricted to one regional MU in China, it did provide important information on the features of MSs past flow and implied several issues about IoME that we cannot turn a blind eye. Given the progress of IHE and the needs and prospects of global health, a high potential of MSs international communication is expected, this study could be a good preliminary stage of data collection that can lead to further investigation.</p> <hd id="AN0173180034-17">Acknowledgments</hd> <p>We acknowledge the Philosophy and Social Sciences Fund Project of Jiangsu Provincial Department of Education for the financial support in the entire research process [grant number:2020SJA1074].</p> <hd id="AN0173180034-18">Disclosure statement</hd> <p>No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).</p> <hd id="AN0173180034-19">Availability of data and materials</hd> <p>The data used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.</p> <hd id="AN0173180034-20">Ethics approval and consent to participate</hd> <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Xuzhou Medical University.</p> <hd id="AN0173180034-21">Consent for publication</hd> <p>All participants gave consent for publication of their data.</p> <p>Correction Statement</p> <p>This article has been corrected with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article.</p> <ref id="AN0173180034-22"> <title> References </title> <blist> <bibl id="bib1" idref="ref1" type="bt">1</bibl> <bibtext> The central people's government of the People's Republic of China. (2016). Outline of "Healthy China 2030". <ulink href="http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2016-10/25/content%5f5124174.html">http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2016-10/25/content%5f5124174.html</ulink></bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib2" idref="ref7" type="bt">2</bibl> <bibtext> Chan, S. J. (2012). Shifting patterns of student mobility in Asia. Higher Education Policy, 25 (2), 207 – 224. https://doi.org/10.1057/hep.2012.3</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib3" idref="ref8" type="bt">3</bibl> <bibtext> Chang, D. F. (2012). College students & apos; Perceptions of studying abroad and their readiness. 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Journal of Wenzhou Medical University, 49 (10), 777 – 781.</bibtext> </blist> </ref> <aug> <p>By Qin Jiang; Hong Sun; Feng Yuan; Wei Duan; Yang Wu and Shenjun Liu</p> <p>Reported by Author; Author; Author; Author; Author; Author</p> <p></p> <p>Ms. Qin Jiang focuses her research interest in educational management and internationalisation of higher education.</p> <p>Dr Hong Sun is a professor of physiology and an expert in international education in medicine. She hosted one international cooperative research project and has published more than 70 research papers and edited 3 textbooks. She is also a peer reviewer of natural sciences.</p> <p>Dr Feng Yuan is a professor of clinical medicine. His research interests include medical education and clinical practice of orthopaedics, with a particular emphasis on spinal surgery.</p> <p>Professor Wei Duan holds a master's degree in educational management. He specialises in internationalisation of higher education.</p> <p>Ms. Yang Wu received her master's degree in management at Chonnam National University, South Korea. She focuses her research on the promotion of students' mobility.</p> <p>Dr Shenjun Liu is a professor of higher education management. He specialises in educational management, especially internationalisation of higher education and industrialisation of medicine. He has published more than 30 research papers and 6 academic monographs and textbooks. He is also a peer reviewer of social sciences.</p> </aug> <nolink nlid="nl1" bibid="bib10" firstref="ref2"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl2" bibid="bib24" firstref="ref3"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl3" bibid="bib16" firstref="ref5"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl4" bibid="bib18" firstref="ref6"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl5" bibid="bib12" firstref="ref11"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl6" bibid="bib21" firstref="ref12"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl7" bibid="bib22" firstref="ref13"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl8" bibid="bib17" firstref="ref14"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl9" bibid="bib15" firstref="ref15"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl10" bibid="bib128" firstref="ref16"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl11" bibid="bib150" firstref="ref17"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl12" bibid="bib391" firstref="ref22"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl13" bibid="bib19" firstref="ref24"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl14" bibid="bib191" firstref="ref26"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl15" bibid="bib179" firstref="ref27"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl16" bibid="bib58" firstref="ref28"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl17" bibid="bib75" firstref="ref31"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl18" bibid="bib49" firstref="ref32"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl19" bibid="bib33" firstref="ref33"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl20" bibid="bib28" firstref="ref34"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl21" bibid="bib289" firstref="ref36"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl22" bibid="bib61" firstref="ref37"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl23" bibid="bib13" firstref="ref38"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl24" bibid="bib343" firstref="ref39"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl25" bibid="bib356" firstref="ref40"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl26" bibid="bib47" firstref="ref42"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl27" bibid="bib14" firstref="ref43"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl28" bibid="bib11" firstref="ref44"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl29" bibid="bib23" firstref="ref48"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl30" bibid="bib20" firstref="ref50"></nolink>
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Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Internationalisation of Medical Education in China: A 10-Year Overview of Students' Outward Mobility
– Name: Language
  Label: Language
  Group: Lang
  Data: English
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
  Group: Au
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jiang%2C+Qin%22">Jiang, Qin</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5559-8295">0000-0002-5559-8295</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sun%2C+Hong%22">Sun, Hong</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3858-4315">0000-0003-3858-4315</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yuan%2C+Feng%22">Yuan, Feng</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Duan%2C+Wei%22">Duan, Wei</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wu%2C+Yang%22">Wu, Yang</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Liu%2C+Shenjun%22">Liu, Shenjun</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8692-2211">0000-0002-8692-2211</externalLink>)
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Source
  Group: Src
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Innovations+in+Education+and+Teaching+International%22"><i>Innovations in Education and Teaching International</i></searchLink>. 2023 60(6):799-809.
– Name: Avail
  Label: Availability
  Group: Avail
  Data: Routledge. Available from: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 530 Walnut Street Suite 850, Philadelphia, PA 19106. Tel: 800-354-1420; Tel: 215-625-8900; Fax: 215-207-0050; Web site: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals
– Name: PeerReviewed
  Label: Peer Reviewed
  Group: SrcInfo
  Data: Y
– Name: Pages
  Label: Page Count
  Group: Src
  Data: 11
– Name: DatePubCY
  Label: Publication Date
  Group: Date
  Data: 2023
– Name: TypeDocument
  Label: Document Type
  Group: TypDoc
  Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Research
– Name: Audience
  Label: Education Level
  Group: Audnce
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Higher+Education%22">Higher Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Postsecondary+Education%22">Postsecondary Education</searchLink>
– Name: Subject
  Label: Descriptors
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Foreign+Countries%22">Foreign Countries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Medical+Education%22">Medical Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Undergraduate+Students%22">Undergraduate Students</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Graduate+Students%22">Graduate Students</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22International+Programs%22">International Programs</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Student+Mobility%22">Student Mobility</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Global+Approach%22">Global Approach</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Tuition%22">Tuition</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Study+Abroad%22">Study Abroad</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Program+Length%22">Program Length</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Student+Attitudes%22">Student Attitudes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Decision+Making%22">Decision Making</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22College+Choice%22">College Choice</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Longitudinal+Studies%22">Longitudinal Studies</searchLink>
– Name: Subject
  Label: Geographic Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22China%22">China</searchLink>
– Name: DOI
  Label: DOI
  Group: ID
  Data: 10.1080/14703297.2022.2080096
– Name: ISSN
  Label: ISSN
  Group: ISSN
  Data: 1470-3297<br />1470-3300
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Internationalisation of medical education is critical under globalisation. Using micro-data from a medical university, this study launches a longitudinal quantitative study on students' outward mobility to identify the international level of medical education in China. The number of student participation in cross-border programmes is the index to the character of mobility. Descriptive statistics was applied using Microsoft Excel. The results showed a rising tendency of medical students' outward mobility however a low level. Undergraduates were more likely to participate in outward activities than graduate students. They demonstrated greater interest in short-term programmes than long-term course studies and research programmes. Compared with the US and the UK, traditional destinations like Australia and other European countries were not as popular. Developed countries and regions in Asia were emerging destinations, while developing countries were ignored. University played a central role in financing students' outward mobility.
– Name: AbstractInfo
  Label: Abstractor
  Group: Ab
  Data: As Provided
– Name: DateEntry
  Label: Entry Date
  Group: Date
  Data: 2023
– Name: AN
  Label: Accession Number
  Group: ID
  Data: EJ1401913
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=eric&AN=EJ1401913
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1080/14703297.2022.2080096
    Languages:
      – Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 11
        StartPage: 799
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Foreign Countries
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Medical Education
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Undergraduate Students
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Graduate Students
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: International Programs
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Student Mobility
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Global Approach
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Tuition
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Study Abroad
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Program Length
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Student Attitudes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Decision Making
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: College Choice
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Longitudinal Studies
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: China
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Internationalisation of Medical Education in China: A 10-Year Overview of Students' Outward Mobility
        Type: main
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            NameFull: Jiang, Qin
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            NameFull: Wu, Yang
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            NameFull: Liu, Shenjun
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            – D: 01
              M: 01
              Type: published
              Y: 2023
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            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 1470-3297
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 1470-3300
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              Value: 60
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            – TitleFull: Innovations in Education and Teaching International
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