Projection of Realistic Three-Dimensional Photogrammetry Models Using Stereoscopic Display: A Technical Note
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| Title: | Projection of Realistic Three-Dimensional Photogrammetry Models Using Stereoscopic Display: A Technical Note |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Authors: | André de Sá Braga Oliveira (ORCID |
| Source: | Anatomical Sciences Education. 2024 17(1):39-46. |
| Availability: | Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us |
| Peer Reviewed: | Y |
| Page Count: | 8 |
| Publication Date: | 2024 |
| Document Type: | Journal Articles Reports - Research |
| Descriptors: | Computer Simulation, Photography, Visualization, Models, Computer Software, Anatomy, Projection Equipment, Depth Perception, Neurology, Medical Education |
| DOI: | 10.1002/ase.2329 |
| ISSN: | 1935-9772 1935-9780 |
| Abstract: | The 3D stereoscopic technique consists in providing the illusional perception of depth of a given object using two different images mimicking how the right and left eyes capture the object. Both images are slightly different and when overlapped gives a three-dimensional (3D) experience. Considering the limitations for establishing surgical laboratories and dissections courses in some educational institutions, techniques such as stereoscopy and photogrammetry seem to play an important role in neuroanatomy and neurosurgical education. The aim of this study was to describe how to combine and set up realistic models acquired with photogrammetry scans in 3D stereoscopic projections. Three donors, one dry skull, embalmed brain and head, were scanned using photogrammetry. The software used for displaying the final realistic 3D models (Blender, Amsterdam, the Netherlands) is a free software and allows stereoscopic projection without compromising the interactivity of each model. By default, the model was exported and immediately displayed as a red cyan 3D mode. The 3D projector used in the manuscript required a side-by-side 3D mode which was set up with simple commands on the software. The final stereoscopy projection offered depth perception and a visualization in 360° of each donor; this perception was noted especially when visualizing donors with different cavities and fossae. The combination of 3D techniques is of paramount importance for neuroanatomy education. Stereoscopic projections could provide a valuable tool for neuroanatomy instruction directed at clinical trainees and could be especially useful when access to laboratory-based learning is limited. |
| Abstractor: | As Provided |
| Entry Date: | 2024 |
| Accession Number: | EJ1405679 |
| Database: | ERIC |
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| FullText | Links: – Type: pdflink Url: https://content.ebscohost.com/cds/retrieve?content=AQICAHj0k_4E0hTGH8RJwT4gCJyBsGNe_WN95AvKlDbXJGqwxwGxWSluWzrg4W_kGsQyCg2mAAAA4jCB3wYJKoZIhvcNAQcGoIHRMIHOAgEAMIHIBgkqhkiG9w0BBwEwHgYJYIZIAWUDBAEuMBEEDGV5X-SU3L3kf1KuZgIBEICBmnN5TIigvVNrsLSo-sqa2uTJWIAfNB6ldLwfanI_RjNo6JPptcXQHbtvu_Z-8hcjaePCTvo015QDQTvTn4tlQasjCORDmRdQ-cYlv8v5zk5FQTAa1q5vSo1HWa2eeT1302s-puyIBJuhkgRS18pZXY7SmqsZrqzMmc5uD-Q2sZeaFI7pO0EaSOX1WmBfbTvuokGbwZYlQ_ByrXw= Text: Availability: 1 Value: <anid>AN0174576654;[8z8k]01jan.24;2024Jan05.04:34;v2.2.500</anid> <title id="AN0174576654-1">Projection of realistic three‐dimensional photogrammetry models using stereoscopic display: A technical note </title> <p>The 3D stereoscopic technique consists in providing the illusional perception of depth of a given object using two different images mimicking how the right and left eyes capture the object. Both images are slightly different and when overlapped gives a three‐dimensional (3D) experience. Considering the limitations for establishing surgical laboratories and dissections courses in some educational institutions, techniques such as stereoscopy and photogrammetry seem to play an important role in neuroanatomy and neurosurgical education. The aim of this study was to describe how to combine and set up realistic models acquired with photogrammetry scans in 3D stereoscopic projections. Three donors, one dry skull, embalmed brain and head, were scanned using photogrammetry. The software used for displaying the final realistic 3D models (Blender, Amsterdam, the Netherlands) is a free software and allows stereoscopic projection without compromising the interactivity of each model. By default, the model was exported and immediately displayed as a red cyan 3D mode. The 3D projector used in the manuscript required a side‐by‐side 3D mode which was set up with simple commands on the software. The final stereoscopy projection offered depth perception and a visualization in 360° of each donor; this perception was noted especially when visualizing donors with different cavities and fossae. The combination of 3D techniques is of paramount importance for neuroanatomy education. Stereoscopic projections could provide a valuable tool for neuroanatomy instruction directed at clinical trainees and could be especially useful when access to laboratory‐based learning is limited.</p> <p>Keywords: anatomy; education; neuroanatomy; photogrammetry; stereoscopy</p> <hd id="AN0174576654-2">INTRODUCTION</hd> <p>The three‐dimensional (3D) study of the brain and central nervous system have been extensively explored by 3D photodocumentation and more recently by 3D anatomical models displayed on regular two‐dimensional (2D) screens (Yammine &amp; Violato, [<reflink idref="bib32" id="ref1">32</reflink>]; Erolin et al., [<reflink idref="bib12" id="ref2">12</reflink>]; Leonel et al., [<reflink idref="bib17" id="ref3">17</reflink>]). More recently, studies have been describing the projection of 3D models using the stereoscopy technique, which creates the illusion of depth perception using two images/models of the same object with a slight difference in their angulation. The difference in angulation mimics how each eye captures the object, therefore allowing the three‐dimensional view. Stereoscopically generated models are believed to enhance visual–spatial skills and learner experience which is met with enthusiasm and engagement in neuroanatomy study (Cui et al., [<reflink idref="bib8" id="ref4">8</reflink>]; Hackett &amp; Proctor, [<reflink idref="bib14" id="ref5">14</reflink>]; Maresky et al., [<reflink idref="bib18" id="ref6">18</reflink>]; Bogomolova et al., [<reflink idref="bib5" id="ref7">5</reflink>]; Meyer &amp; Cui, [<reflink idref="bib19" id="ref8">19</reflink>]).</p> <p>Three‐dimensional stereoscopic projections tend to be better than the conventional 2D displays, in particular for neuroanatomy education (Chytas et al., [<reflink idref="bib6" id="ref9">6</reflink>]; Abarca‐Olivas et al., [<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref10">1</reflink>]) as it improves the notion and perception of depth in cavities, fossae and spaces (ventricles and cisterns) within the cranial cavity and brain. Furthermore, the perception of specific anatomical structures and their relationship with the surrounding anatomy of superficial and deep structures is also enhanced, helping learners to understand from a surgical approach what tissue mass and layers are required to be removed in order to expose cranial cavities and their neurovascular contents, as an example.</p> <p>The combination of 3D models and stereoscopic projections can be considered an alternative and cheaper option when compared to other three‐dimensional learning tools described in the literature such as virtual (VR) and augmented (AR) realities (Pottle, [<reflink idref="bib21" id="ref11">21</reflink>]). While its effectiveness is being increasingly recognized, studies exploring the potential of the technique and how to arrange, set up and combine 3D stereoscopic with realistic 3D model are lacking.</p> <p>Therefore, the aim of this study was to present a technical note describing how to display realistic 3D models using stereoscopy projection as an implementable tool in neuroanatomy education.</p> <hd id="AN0174576654-3">METHODS</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0174576654-4">Donors and ethical considerations</hd> <p>All aspects of this research were approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) 17‐005898. All the donors used in this study were provided by the "Mayo Clinic Body Donation Program" in the Department of Clinical Anatomy, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN‐US. Three different donors were used to create realistic 3D models using photogrammetry followed by display using stereoscopic technique (Figure 1). A dry skull and an embalmed head and brain were dissected and scanned using a photogrammetry scanner with three cameras (MedCreator, Thyng, Chicago, IL, United States®).</p> <p> <img src="https://imageserver.ebscohost.com/img/embimages/rdk/8Z8K/01jan24/ase2329-fig-0001.jpg?ephost1=dGJyMNXb4kSepq84yOvqOLCmsE6epq5Srqa4SK6WxWXS" alt="ase2329-fig-0001.jpg" title="1 Donors described in this manuscript and displayed using stereoscopic technique. Lateral view (A) of a dry skull used in the study and its 3D model acquired with photogrammetry scans (B). One embalmed brain (C) was also dissected and scanned (D) to create a realistic anatomical model to be displayed. Lastly, one embalmed head (E) was injected with latex and dissected to show an axial slice of the brain, as well as expose the cranial nerves and middle and posterior cranial fossae content. The orbital roof was dissected revealing the superior orbital contents. After dissection, the donor was submitted to the rendering and editing processes in order to create the 3D model (F)." /> </p> <p></p> <hd id="AN0174576654-6">Acquiring the 3D model using photogrammetry technique: Scanning and rendering processes</hd> <p>A multi‐camera photogrammetry system photodocumented the donors simultaneously rendering it into a realistic 3D model. The scanner presented three cameras positioned vertically and facing the donor to be scanned (Figure 2). The step‐by‐step for acquiring high‐quality 3D models using the photogrammetry technique was already described by our group (de Oliveira et al., [<reflink idref="bib10" id="ref12">10</reflink>]). Briefly, each donor was placed within the scanner positioned on a turntable being held by different platforms (pins and spikes) considering their anatomy features and dimensions. By "floating" within the scanner, the donors were captured in a 360° with all its features being photodocumented by the three cameras while the turntable rotates clockwise. Each camera photodocumented the donor with 60 images, providing by the end of the scanning process a total of 180 images which were rendered into the final 3D model by the Reality Capture software (Epic Games, Cary, NC, United States®).</p> <p> <img src="https://imageserver.ebscohost.com/img/embimages/rdk/8Z8K/01jan24/ase2329-fig-0002.jpg?ephost1=dGJyMNXb4kSepq84yOvqOLCmsE6epq5Srqa4SK6WxWXS" alt="ase2329-fig-0002.jpg" title="2 Acquisition of 3D models using photogrammetry technique. The donor and platform were on a turntable which rotated clockwise each 2.2 s so the cameras could photodocument it in a 360° (A). A total of 180 pictures were then rendered to create the preliminary 3D model exported to MeshLab® software (B). On this software, the model was edited and post‐processed with removal of artifacts, improvement of brightness, sharpness, shadows, and contrast creating the final 3D model file which was used for the stereoscopic projections (C) using the software Blender." /> </p> <p></p> <p>Finally, the preliminary and unedited 3D model was exported to MeshLab software® (Callieri et al., [<reflink idref="bib23" id="ref13">23</reflink>]), to be visualized and post‐processed (Figure 2) to further be displayed on Blender software (Blender Foundation, Amsterdam, the Netherlands).</p> <hd id="AN0174576654-8">Blender software and stereoscopic display (Video 1)</hd> <p>1 VIDEO Stereoscopic setup and display on Blender® software of a 3D model of a skull base dissection. For the 3D projection, a 3D projector (EPSON® Power Lite W16SK 3D LCD Dual Projection System) connected to a computer and HDMI cable, a white screen, and active 3D glasses (EPSON, Nagano, Japan) were used.</p> <p>The final 3D model was exported to the 3D software Blender® (Blender Foundation, Amsterdam, the Netherlands®) to be edited and displayed using stereoscopic technique (Figure 3). Blender® is free of charges and compatible to Linux, Mac OS X®, and MS Windows® systems, supporting and hosting most of 3D model formats. It has the convenience of being used not only for displaying but also editing 3D models by adding textures, animations, and stereoscopic rendering settings.</p> <p> <img src="https://imageserver.ebscohost.com/img/embimages/rdk/8Z8K/01jan24/ase2329-fig-0003.jpg?ephost1=dGJyMNXb4kSepq84yOvqOLCmsE6epq5Srqa4SK6WxWXS" alt="ase2329-fig-0003.jpg" title="3 Displaying the 3D model on Blender software. When exported to Blender, both right‐eye and left‐eye views were created by the software. Both views were initially displayed as a red cyan 3D projection with the software already overlapping both images (A). The side‐by‐side setup required by the 3D projector (B) was arranged by following commands on the keyboard. This setup separated both models in two horizontal squares on the laptop screen. When displayed with the 3D projector both models were aligned providing a three‐dimensional visualization of the entire 3D model, which could be manipulated with a 360° rotation." /> </p> <p></p> <p>After the rendering process using the photogrammetry technique, the final 3D model was exported to Blender® and converted to stereoscopic models, where the left and right views were shown. By default, on the software the 3D model was firstly displayed as a conventional red cyan anaglyph 3D mode which differs from the side‐by‐side 3D setting used by our group. Therefore, the anaglyph mode was converted to a side‐by‐side mode by using pre‐set commands on the keyboard (as shown in Video 1), with the laptop screen divided into two different fields arranged side‐by‐side (left and right view) to be overlapped and displayed using the 3D projector (EPSON® Power Lite W16SK 3D LCD Dual Projection System) connected to a computer and HDMI cable, on a white screen/wall using active 3D glasses (EPSON, Nagano, Japan).</p> <hd id="AN0174576654-10">RESULTS</hd> <p>The stereoscopic projection was displayed on a white screen and visualized using active 3D glasses. This setup enabled the viewer to experience and visualize the model with its three‐dimensional perspectives (Figure 4 and Video 1). During the projection, the 3D model was freely manipulated and rotated showing it in a 360° view. It was possible to zoom in and out emphasizing its most important structures and features. Using the Blender software, it was possible to rotate and explore the 3D model by holding the mouse or using the trackpad on the keyboard, moving it as the viewer pleased.</p> <p> <img src="https://imageserver.ebscohost.com/img/embimages/rdk/8Z8K/01jan24/ase2329-fig-0004.jpg?ephost1=dGJyMNXb4kSepq84yOvqOLCmsE6epq5Srqa4SK6WxWXS" alt="ase2329-fig-0004.jpg" title="4 Illustration of a stereoscopic 3D projection in a conference room. A portable 3D projector is connected to a computer via a HDMI cable which has the 3D model setup and ready to be displayed. The model is projected on a white wall or screen and the presenter can rotate it in a 360° angulation showing all its features, as well as zooming in and out using the Blender software. The audience needs to use active 3D glasses which were previously charged in order to experience the 3D projection." /> </p> <p></p> <hd id="AN0174576654-12">DISCUSSION</hd> <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study establishing the guidelines for stereoscopic 3D projections using realistic 3D models obtained in photogrammetry for neuroanatomy education. This article describes a reproducible protocol for acquiring 3D models using photogrammetry scans, but most importantly detailing the technique, software and equipment required to set up a 3D stereoscopic video projection.</p> <p>The use of body donors in neuroanatomy instruction remains a gold standard for teaching and learning anatomy due to their inherent anatomical relationships and variations (Dyer &amp; Thorndike, [<reflink idref="bib11" id="ref14">11</reflink>]; Abarca‐Olivas et al., [<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref15">1</reflink>]). However, newer tools for visualization offer innovative ways to interact with the donors without the need to have physical access to traditional laboratory. Thus, 3D reconstruction and stereoscopy projection seem to be an alternative or a complementary solution to improve, democratize, and optimize neuroanatomy education (de Faria et al., [<reflink idref="bib9" id="ref16">9</reflink>]; Clark et al., [<reflink idref="bib7" id="ref17">7</reflink>]; Goodarzi et al., [<reflink idref="bib13" id="ref18">13</reflink>]).</p> <p>The use of stereoscopic projection enables a better understanding of the spatial relationships and depth of the structures visualized, especially when observing them through cavities and spaces within the cranial cavity or brain tissues (Acker et al., [<reflink idref="bib2" id="ref19">2</reflink>]; Bogomolova et al., [<reflink idref="bib4" id="ref20">4</reflink>]). When performing surgical procedures, surgeons and trainees depend not only on the perception and skills to open and maneuver through deep and narrow spaces but also the knowledge regarding the relationship between cranial nerves, vascular structures, cerebral parenchyma avoiding iatrogenic procedures (Ribas et al., [<reflink idref="bib24" id="ref21">24</reflink>]; Wanibuchi et al., [<reflink idref="bib30" id="ref22">30</reflink>]).</p> <hd id="AN0174576654-13">Advantages of stereoscopic 3D projections using realistic 3D models</hd> <p>The stereoscopic 3D projections described in this study allowed the perception of depth and relationship of anatomical structures previously dissected in the anatomy laboratory. The stereoscopic view of prosected cadaveric tissues scanned with photogrammetry addresses the inconvenience of lack of cadaveric donors and infrastructure for anatomy education. In addition, they present the convenience of providing a high‐quality resource for human anatomy education without using "real" cadaveric donors in the laboratory environment. This option could be important for those young medical students or people who are not fully ready or comfortable to face the cadaver during the first year of medical school and health science (Abarca‐Olivas et al., [<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref23">1</reflink>]).</p> <p>By using the side‐by‐side setting for 3D projections, we guarantee the three‐dimensional experience without compromising the colors of the models displayed on the screen. Even though active 3D glasses need to be charged before the 3D presentations they do not modify or interfere the saturation and colors of the scanned model as observed with the anaglyph 3D mode. The anaglyph 3D tends to be less complicated to be created and displayed without a 3D projector or active glasses; however, with the red–blue composition, the color and some features of the dissections are compromised during the projection (Srivastava et al., [<reflink idref="bib29" id="ref24">29</reflink>]; Kim et al., [<reflink idref="bib16" id="ref25">16</reflink>]).</p> <hd id="AN0174576654-14">Limitations and future directions</hd> <p>Even though the combination of 3D models and stereoscopic projections present strong advantages and effectiveness, some limitations should be pointed out. Handling donors, for example, during dissections or laboratory classes teaches skills which can be difficult or impossible with the stereoscopic 3D projections of realistic 3D models. The exposure to the cadaver can develop the "professional attitude" that is necessary for a good clinical practice. Also, the exposure to anatomical variability often seen in the dissection room could be limited with the 3D models available, which is particularly important for surgery (Aziz et al., [<reflink idref="bib3" id="ref26">3</reflink>]; Rizzolo &amp; Stewart, [<reflink idref="bib25" id="ref27">25</reflink>]; Moore et al., [<reflink idref="bib20" id="ref28">20</reflink>]).</p> <p>Moreover, the active system chosen in this study used active 3D glasses, which are more expensive than the passive ones and need to be charged before every projection. Also, the relationship between the glasses and the screen/projection can become out of sync (called "crosstalk") (Ra et al., [<reflink idref="bib22" id="ref29">22</reflink>]). In fact, the complete system requires special projection devices and, thus, cannot be displayed using conventional projectors, for example, which makes it more expensive.</p> <p>Other limitations of this system are related to physical discomforts associated with 3D visualization. These discomforts have been reported in individuals with refractive defects, for instance strabismus and amblyopia, leading to eye strain, pain, dizziness, nausea, and disorientation (Wolfe et al., [<reflink idref="bib31" id="ref30">31</reflink>]). It has also been reported that approximately 8% of the population may have some discomfort while experiencing 3D presentations (Solimini, [<reflink idref="bib28" id="ref31">28</reflink>]). They can be triggered by technical difficulties such as disparity of appearance and light of stereoscopic images, poor synchronization of images/3D models, or visual diseases, including vertical deviation, excess paralleling, and anaglyph format, leading to a conflict in physiological convergence and eye accommodation from the viewer (Abarca‐Olivas et al., [<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref32">1</reflink>]).</p> <p>Despite the limitations, this study described a brief technical note of how to set up and project 3D models using stereoscopy and its relevance, especially for neuroanatomy education. It is important to note that, although several other studies have already stated the importance of association of stereoscopic techniques in the neuroanatomy field (Clark et al., [<reflink idref="bib7" id="ref33">7</reflink>]; Goodarzi et al., [<reflink idref="bib13" id="ref34">13</reflink>]; Wanibuchi et al., [<reflink idref="bib30" id="ref35">30</reflink>]; Jacquesson et al., [<reflink idref="bib15" id="ref36">15</reflink>]; Rubio et al., [<reflink idref="bib26" id="ref37">26</reflink>]; Abarca‐Olivas et al., [<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref38">1</reflink>]; Schlinkmann et al., [<reflink idref="bib27" id="ref39">27</reflink>]), future studies are still needed to determine and measure the efficiency of this technique in order to validate its effectiveness as a teaching and learning tool.</p> <hd id="AN0174576654-15">CONCLUSION</hd> <p>Three‐dimensional stereoscopic projection of photogrammetry‐acquired images is a reproducible technique that displays realistic 3D models that can be freely manipulated by the user in 360°. This technique complements the 3D models created with photogrammetry for 2D display and adds a realistic depth perception to anatomical dissections.</p> <hd id="AN0174576654-16">ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</hd> <p>The authors wish to thank the generosity of the families and the body donors who generously donated their bodies to the Mayo Clinic Body Donation Program in the Department of Clinical Anatomy, MN, USA. They were essential for carrying out this research. In addition, we thank Stephen P. Graepel for all illustrations in this manuscript. The authors have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non‐financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.</p> <hd id="AN0174576654-17">FUNDING INFORMATION</hd> <p>Joseph I. and Barbara Ashkins Endowed Professorship in Neurosurgery, Charles B. and Ann L. Johnson Endowed Professorship in Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota and the Radiology Department, Mayo Clinic, Rochester Minnesota.</p> <p>GRAPH: Supporting Information S1.</p> <ref id="AN0174576654-18"> <title> Footnotes </title> <blist> <bibl id="bib1" idref="ref10" type="bt">1</bibl> <bibtext> André de Sá Braga Oliveira and Luciano César P. C. Leonel contributed equally to the manuscript and are first co‐authors.</bibtext> </blist> </ref> <ref id="AN0174576654-19"> <title> REFERENCES </title> <blist> <bibtext> Abarca‐Olivas J, González‐López P, Fernández‐Cornejo V, Verdú‐Martínez I, Martorell‐Llobregat C, Baldoncini M, et al. 3D stereoscopic view in neurosurgical anatomy: compilation of basic methods. World Neurosurg. 2022 ; 163 : e593 – e609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2022.04.036</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib2" idref="ref19" type="bt">2</bibl> <bibtext> Acker G, Schlinkmann N, Piper SK, Onken J, Vajkoczy P, Picht T. 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Anat Sci Educ. 2015 ; 8 : 525 – 538. https://doi.org/10.1002/ase.1510</bibtext> </blist> </ref> <aug> <p>By André de Sá Braga Oliveira; Luciano César P. C. Leonel; Edward R. LaHood; Bachtri T. Nguyen; Anahid Ehtemami; Stephen P. Graepel; Michael J. Link; Carlos D. Pinheiro‐Neto; Nirusha Lachman; Jonathan M. Morris and Maria Peris‐Celda</p> <p>Reported by Author; Author; Author; Author; Author; Author; Author; Author; Author; Author; Author</p> <p></p> <p>André de Sá Braga Oliveira, Ph.D. is a professor of anatomy in the Department of Morphology at Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil. He teaches anatomy to first year medical students. His research interest is in medical education and neurosurgical anatomy.</p> <p>Luciano César P. C. Leonel, Ph.D. is an Assistant Professor of neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester‐MN. He works in a surgical anatomy laboratory and has interest in teaching open and expanded endonasal approaches to the skull base and nasal cavity.</p> <p>Edward R. LaHood, Ph.D. is the CEO of Thyng, LCC and MainCloud. His research interests focus on optimizing medical education with 3D models, virtual reality, and augmented reality.</p> <p>Bachtri T. Nguyen is a GREP student (Radiology) of Mayo Clinic, Rochester‐MN. His research interests focus on optimizing medical education with 3D models, virtual reality, and augmented reality.</p> <p>Anahid Ehtemami, Ph.D. is a senior virtual and augmented reality engineer in the department of radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester‐MN. Her research interests are applications of virtual and augmented reality in medical fields and patient and medical education.</p> <p>Stephen P. Graepel, MA is the medical illustrator of the Neurologic Surgery Department, Mayo Clinic, Rochester‐MN. His research interests focus on communicating the neuroscience message through visually creative solutions.</p> <p>Michael J. Link, MD, Ph.D. is a Professor of Neuroanatomy and Otolaryngology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester‐MN. He teaches and has experience with neurosurgery and expanded endonasal approaches to the skull base.</p> <p>Carlos D. Pinheiro‐Neto, MD, Ph.D. is an Associate Professor of Otolaryngology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester‐MN. He has experience with expanded endonasal approaches to the skull base.</p> <p>Nirusha Lachman, MD, Ph.D. is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Chair of the Department of Clinical Anatomy, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester‐MN. Her research interests focus on advancing knowledge of clinically applied human anatomy in education, research, and clinical practice.</p> <p>Jonathan M. Morris, MD, Ph.D. is an Associate Professor of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester‐MN. He has experience with imaging analyses.</p> <p>Maria Peris‐Celda, MD, Ph.D is an Associate Professor of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester‐MN. She is the PI of the "Mayo Clinic Rhoton Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology Surgical Anatomy Program." She teaches and has experience with open and expanded endonasal approaches to the skull base.</p> </aug> <nolink nlid="nl1" bibid="bib32" firstref="ref1"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl2" bibid="bib12" firstref="ref2"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl3" bibid="bib17" firstref="ref3"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl4" bibid="bib14" firstref="ref5"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl5" bibid="bib18" firstref="ref6"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl6" bibid="bib19" firstref="ref8"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl7" bibid="bib21" firstref="ref11"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl8" bibid="bib10" firstref="ref12"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl9" bibid="bib23" firstref="ref13"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl10" bibid="bib11" firstref="ref14"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl11" bibid="bib13" firstref="ref18"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl12" bibid="bib24" firstref="ref21"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl13" bibid="bib30" firstref="ref22"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl14" bibid="bib29" firstref="ref24"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl15" bibid="bib16" firstref="ref25"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl16" bibid="bib25" firstref="ref27"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl17" bibid="bib20" firstref="ref28"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl18" bibid="bib22" firstref="ref29"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl19" bibid="bib31" firstref="ref30"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl20" bibid="bib28" firstref="ref31"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl21" bibid="bib15" firstref="ref36"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl22" bibid="bib26" firstref="ref37"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl23" bibid="bib27" firstref="ref39"></nolink> |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Projection of Realistic Three-Dimensional Photogrammetry Models Using Stereoscopic Display: A Technical Note – Name: Language Label: Language Group: Lang Data: English – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22André+de+Sá+Braga+Oliveira%22">André de Sá Braga Oliveira</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7971-1275">0000-0001-7971-1275</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Luciano+César+P%2E+C%2E+Leonel%22">Luciano César P. C. Leonel</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8066-4055">0000-0002-8066-4055</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Edward+R%2E+LaHood%22">Edward R. LaHood</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bachtri+T%2E+Nguyen%22">Bachtri T. Nguyen</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9222-8787">0000-0002-9222-8787</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Anahid+Ehtemami%22">Anahid Ehtemami</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7482-5601">0000-0001-7482-5601</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Stephen+P%2E+Graepel%22">Stephen P. Graepel</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Michael+J%2E+Link%22">Michael J. Link</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Carlos+D%2E+Pinheiro-Neto%22">Carlos D. Pinheiro-Neto</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3921-4658">0000-0003-3921-4658</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Nirusha+Lachman%22">Nirusha Lachman</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9995-6154">0000-0002-9995-6154</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jonathan+M%2E+Morris%22">Jonathan M. Morris</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5035-3910">0000-0001-5035-3910</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Maria+Peris-Celda%22">Maria Peris-Celda</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9189-303X">0000-0002-9189-303X</externalLink>) – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Anatomical+Sciences+Education%22"><i>Anatomical Sciences Education</i></searchLink>. 2024 17(1):39-46. – Name: Avail Label: Availability Group: Avail Data: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us – Name: PeerReviewed Label: Peer Reviewed Group: SrcInfo Data: Y – Name: Pages Label: Page Count Group: Src Data: 8 – Name: DatePubCY Label: Publication Date Group: Date Data: 2024 – Name: TypeDocument Label: Document Type Group: TypDoc Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Research – Name: Subject Label: Descriptors Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Computer+Simulation%22">Computer Simulation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Photography%22">Photography</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Visualization%22">Visualization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Models%22">Models</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Computer+Software%22">Computer Software</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Anatomy%22">Anatomy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Projection+Equipment%22">Projection Equipment</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Depth+Perception%22">Depth Perception</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Neurology%22">Neurology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Medical+Education%22">Medical Education</searchLink> – Name: DOI Label: DOI Group: ID Data: 10.1002/ase.2329 – Name: ISSN Label: ISSN Group: ISSN Data: 1935-9772<br />1935-9780 – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: The 3D stereoscopic technique consists in providing the illusional perception of depth of a given object using two different images mimicking how the right and left eyes capture the object. Both images are slightly different and when overlapped gives a three-dimensional (3D) experience. Considering the limitations for establishing surgical laboratories and dissections courses in some educational institutions, techniques such as stereoscopy and photogrammetry seem to play an important role in neuroanatomy and neurosurgical education. The aim of this study was to describe how to combine and set up realistic models acquired with photogrammetry scans in 3D stereoscopic projections. Three donors, one dry skull, embalmed brain and head, were scanned using photogrammetry. The software used for displaying the final realistic 3D models (Blender, Amsterdam, the Netherlands) is a free software and allows stereoscopic projection without compromising the interactivity of each model. By default, the model was exported and immediately displayed as a red cyan 3D mode. The 3D projector used in the manuscript required a side-by-side 3D mode which was set up with simple commands on the software. The final stereoscopy projection offered depth perception and a visualization in 360° of each donor; this perception was noted especially when visualizing donors with different cavities and fossae. The combination of 3D techniques is of paramount importance for neuroanatomy education. Stereoscopic projections could provide a valuable tool for neuroanatomy instruction directed at clinical trainees and could be especially useful when access to laboratory-based learning is limited. – Name: AbstractInfo Label: Abstractor Group: Ab Data: As Provided – Name: DateEntry Label: Entry Date Group: Date Data: 2024 – Name: AN Label: Accession Number Group: ID Data: EJ1405679 |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1002/ase.2329 Languages: – Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 8 StartPage: 39 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Computer Simulation Type: general – SubjectFull: Photography Type: general – SubjectFull: Visualization Type: general – SubjectFull: Models Type: general – SubjectFull: Computer Software Type: general – SubjectFull: Anatomy Type: general – SubjectFull: Projection Equipment Type: general – SubjectFull: Depth Perception Type: general – SubjectFull: Neurology Type: general – SubjectFull: Medical Education Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Projection of Realistic Three-Dimensional Photogrammetry Models Using Stereoscopic Display: A Technical Note Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: André de Sá Braga Oliveira – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Luciano César P. C. Leonel – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Edward R. LaHood – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Bachtri T. Nguyen – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Anahid Ehtemami – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Stephen P. Graepel – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Michael J. Link – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Carlos D. Pinheiro-Neto – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Nirusha Lachman – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Jonathan M. Morris – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Maria Peris-Celda IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 01 Type: published Y: 2024 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 1935-9772 – Type: issn-electronic Value: 1935-9780 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 17 – Type: issue Value: 1 Titles: – TitleFull: Anatomical Sciences Education Type: main |
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