Flow Perspectives: Using the FSS-2 to Compare Climbers with and without Disabilities
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| Title: | Flow Perspectives: Using the FSS-2 to Compare Climbers with and without Disabilities |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Authors: | Emily G. Warner (ORCID |
| Source: | Journal of Experiential Education. 2024 47(2):202-206. |
| Availability: | SAGE Publications. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. Tel: 800-818-7243; Tel: 805-499-9774; Fax: 800-583-2665; e-mail: journals@sagepub.com; Web site: https://sagepub.com |
| Peer Reviewed: | Y |
| Page Count: | 5 |
| Publication Date: | 2024 |
| Document Type: | Journal Articles Reports - Research |
| Descriptors: | Emotional Experience, Psychological Patterns, Physical Disabilities, Physical Activities, Physical Recreation Programs, Therapeutic Recreation, Assistive Technology, Adventure Education, Affective Measures |
| DOI: | 10.1177/10538259231222453 |
| ISSN: | 1053-8259 2169-009X |
| Abstract: | Background: Participation in adventure as a recreational therapy intervention is well-recognized for its benefits for people with disabilities. Advances in technology and adaptive equipment have increased accessibility to adventure-based activities for those with physical disabilities. Climbing has long been established to facilitate the psychological state of flow; however, there is little research on the experience of flow in individuals with physical disabilities and adaptive climbing, specifically. Purpose: This study investigated if flow is experienced differently between individuals with and without physical disabilities who participated in climbing programs and to determine if there was a relationship between flow and intentions in future participation in climbing. Methodology: The Flow State Scale-2 was used to assess flow and additional questions measured participation. Findings: The global flow score on the FSS-2 indicated that climbers with and without disabilities both experienced a flow-like state. Climbers without disabilities reported a significantly higher sense of control, one of the nine dimensions of flow. Implications: With a better understanding of how people with physical disabilities experience flow, practitioners can better design interventions to facilitate this experience and should know how flow can best be used to promote an active leisure lifestyle. |
| Abstractor: | As Provided |
| Entry Date: | 2024 |
| Accession Number: | EJ1426047 |
| Database: | ERIC |
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| FullText | Links: – Type: pdflink Url: https://content.ebscohost.com/cds/retrieve?content=AQICAHj0k_4E0hTGH8RJwT4gCJyBsGNe_WN95AvKlDbXJGqwxwFuskXcFwPPwPQ8napYciJWAAAA4zCB4AYJKoZIhvcNAQcGoIHSMIHPAgEAMIHJBgkqhkiG9w0BBwEwHgYJYIZIAWUDBAEuMBEEDEHCvINJssHPCCRK0AIBEICBm1OI230JqURmp5rtGI0PFg9RqwV34v1Xy223H2V1vhMVII4P9CQvQbgzan9R5W4KK0n5ko4gAZvE0tUpGxZ2uDULhurojaG5qt3Tp_nMvUghxMolktVWZoqpzOrY3NNoCQr78ykooXSI_Cei8_EL77yPBCYdWqBhi740FWN7XWXxOJJOnTpRQ4FH3S0vIWJanMuevIAdERck7yNd Text: Availability: 1 Value: <anid>AN0177434647;8l501jun.24;2024May27.06:20;v2.2.500</anid> <title id="AN0177434647-1">Flow Perspectives: Using the FSS-2 to Compare Climbers With and Without Disabilities </title> <p>Background: Participation in adventure as a recreational therapy intervention is well-recognized for its benefits for people with disabilities. Advances in technology and adaptive equipment have increased accessibility to adventure-based activities for those with physical disabilities. Climbing has long been established to facilitate the psychological state of flow; however, there is little research on the experience of flow in individuals with physical disabilities and adaptive climbing, specifically. Purpose: This study investigated if flow is experienced differently between individuals with and without physical disabilities who participated in climbing programs and to determine if there was a relationship between flow and intentions in future participation in climbing. Methodology: The Flow State Scale-2 was used to assess flow and additional questions measured participation. Findings: The global flow score on the FSS-2 indicated that climbers with and without disabilities both experienced a flow-like state. Climbers without disabilities reported a significantly higher sense of control, one of the nine dimensions of flow. Implications: With a better understanding of how people with physical disabilities experience flow, practitioners can better design interventions to facilitate this experience and should know how flow can best be used to promote an active leisure lifestyle.</p> <p>Keywords: therapeutic adventure, topics; outdoor recreation, topics; disability, topics; therapeutic, study community</p> <p>Little research exists on people with disabilities' experiences of flow, especially in physical activity contexts, and very little research exists on outcomes of adaptive climbing. Despite this, adaptive climbing and other adventure-based activities are used to promote quality of life in people with physical disabilities (e.g., [<reflink idref="bib6" id="ref1">6</reflink>]; [<reflink idref="bib8" id="ref2">8</reflink>]). Climbing has also been shown to facilitate a flow state as famously studied by [<reflink idref="bib4" id="ref3">4</reflink>]; [<reflink idref="bib5" id="ref4">5</reflink>]). As a result, there is a wealth of published literature on the investigation of flow and climbers without disabilities (e.g., [<reflink idref="bib2" id="ref5">2</reflink>]; [<reflink idref="bib4" id="ref6">4</reflink>]; [<reflink idref="bib5" id="ref7">5</reflink>]; [<reflink idref="bib13" id="ref8">13</reflink>]; [<reflink idref="bib16" id="ref9">16</reflink>]). However, no research related to flow and climbers with disabilities exists to date. This discrepancy in research is surprising, especially with the long history (almost 50 years) of research on flow and climbing and the growing popularity of adaptive climbing in the past decade ([<reflink idref="bib7" id="ref10">7</reflink>]). Flow also has a long history of being a conceptual foundation to recreational therapy practice ([<reflink idref="bib17" id="ref11">17</reflink>]); however, little research on flow and disabilities exists for theoretical support. Filling these gaps in the literature can help recreational therapists discover how their clients may experience flow and how a flow state can be facilitated with understudied interventions like adaptive climbing. To begin to address these gaps, the purpose of this study was to use survey design to determine if climbers with and without physical disabilities experienced flow differently and if flow had the potential to act as a motivating factor for leisure participation. With these goals in mind, this study addressed the following two research questions: (<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref12">1</reflink>) Do people with physical disabilities experience flow differently than people without physical disabilities while climbing? (<reflink idref="bib2" id="ref13">2</reflink>) Do higher scores on the Flow State Scale-2 predict intentions to continue participation in climbing for people with disabilities?</p> <hd id="AN0177434647-2">Methods</hd> <p>The primary purpose of this study was to empirically evaluate whether people with disabilities experience flow differently than people without disabilities in a sample of climbers. The Flow State Scale-2 (FSS-2, [<reflink idref="bib10" id="ref14">10</reflink>]), a self-report 36-item scale, was used to assess flow within a performance context as a global dimension and its nine factors of flow independently. In addition, demographics and intentions for continued participation were also collected. After IRB approval, (UMCIRB 22-002314), cross-sectional data was collected one time immediately after participation and the questionnaire was administered in-person to aid participants in answering items, if needed, and mitigate the potential for low response rates often found in electronic surveys ([<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref15">1</reflink>]; [<reflink idref="bib3" id="ref16">3</reflink>]; [<reflink idref="bib12" id="ref17">12</reflink>]). The study took place at indoor climbing gyms across the Southeastern United States. The primary researcher partnered with a non-profit organization that was founded by and directed by a recreational therapist. Its primary mission is to make adventure activities more accessible for people with physical disabilities and encourage positive change through participation and inclusion. A criterion purposeful sampling method was used at 10 adaptive climbing clinics to ensure that participants met a set condition required by the study ([<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref18">1</reflink>]; [<reflink idref="bib15" id="ref19">15</reflink>]): (a) adult climbers with physical disabilities, (b) able to read and write in English, and (c) who had climbed at least once on the day of sampling. In addition, convenience sampling, a type of nonprobability sampling that relies on who is available ([<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref20">1</reflink>]), was used to recruit (a) adult climbers without disabilities at five climbing gyms, (b) able to read and write in English, and (c) who had climbed at least once on the day of sampling. Data analysis was performed using Jeffrey's Amazing Statistics Program 0.17.1 (JASP). Normality of data from each group was assessed by looking at skewness, kurtosis, and the Shapiro-Wilk test, since it is more appropriate for smaller sample sizes ([<reflink idref="bib14" id="ref21">14</reflink>]) and was found to be normal. The first research question was analyzed using an independent samples t-test and one-way analysis of variance and the second research question, linear regression.</p> <hd id="AN0177434647-3">Results</hd> <p>At the end of the data collection period of three months, a total of 45 participants filled out the survey, 19 climbers with disabilities and 26 climbers without disabilities. Of the climbers with disabilities, 13 different disabilities were either checked on the survey or self-reported under "other." The most common were visual impairment (<emph>n </emph>= 4, 21.1%), cerebral palsy (<emph>n </emph>= 2, 10.5%), amputation (<emph>n </emph>= 2, 10.5%), and Parkinson's disease (<emph>n </emph>= 2, 10.5%). The global flow score on the FSS-2 indicated that all climbers in the study (<emph>M </emph>= 4.1, <emph>SD </emph>= 0.4) experienced a "flow-like" state according to the scale's scoring interpretations from [<reflink idref="bib11" id="ref22">11</reflink>], p. 18). Climbers without disabilities (<emph>M</emph> = 4.3, <emph>SD</emph> = 0.5) reported a statistically significant higher level of a sense of control than climbers with disabilities (<emph>M</emph> = 3.8, <emph>SD</emph> = 0.8), <emph>t</emph>(<reflink idref="bib43" id="ref23">43</reflink>) = 2.24, <emph>p </emph>=.045, <emph>d</emph> = 0.65. Approaching significance, climbers without disabilities (<emph>M </emph>= 3.8, <emph>SD </emph>= 0.8) reported a higher merging of action and awareness than climbers with disabilities (<emph>M </emph>= 3.3, <emph>SD </emph>= 0.9), <emph>t</emph>(<reflink idref="bib43" id="ref24">43</reflink>) = 1.80, <emph>p </emph>=.084, <emph>d </emph>= 0.53. Additionally, approaching significance, climbers with disabilities (<emph>M </emph>= 4.8, <emph>SD </emph>= 0.3) reported feeling higher autotelic experience than climbers without disabilities (<emph>M </emph>= 4.5, <emph>SD </emph>= 0.6), <emph>t</emph>(<reflink idref="bib34" id="ref25">34</reflink>)=–1.77, <emph>p </emph>=.084, <emph>d </emph>= –0.53. To better understand the difference in flow state experience, three one-way analysis of variance tests were performed to see if climbing experience was associated with sense of control dimension scores. For the climbers with disabilities, there was a statistically significant difference between the total number of climbing sessions and control scores, <emph>F</emph>(<reflink idref="bib3" id="ref26">3</reflink>,<reflink idref="bib15" id="ref27">15</reflink>) = 3.43, <emph>p </emph>=.045, η<subs>p</subs><sups>2</sups> =.407. Post hoc analysis using the Scheffé post hoc criterion indicated that climbers with disabilities who reported one to five climbing sessions (<emph>M </emph>= 3.2, <emph>SD </emph>= 0.3) reported lower control scores than climbers with disabilities who reported 21 or more climbing sessions (<emph>M </emph>= 4.2, <emph>SD </emph>= 0.6), <emph>p </emph>=.073. Additionally, there was no statistically significant difference between the total number of climbing sessions and reported control scores for climbers without disabilities, <emph>F</emph>(<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref28">1</reflink>,<reflink idref="bib24" id="ref29">24</reflink>) = 1.13, <emph>p </emph>=.298, η<subs>p</subs><sups>2</sups> =.045. There was no relationship between global flow and participation scores for climbers with disabilities, <emph>R</emph><sups>2 </sups>= 0.12, <emph>F</emph>(<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref30">1</reflink>,<reflink idref="bib17" id="ref31">17</reflink>) = 2.29, <emph>p </emph>=.149, most likely due to small sample size (<emph>n </emph>= 19). For the entire sample, there was a statistically significant positive, linear relationship between the two, <emph>R</emph><sups>2 </sups>= 0.14, <emph>F</emph>(<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref32">1</reflink>, 43) = 6.74, <emph>p </emph>=.013.</p> <hd id="AN0177434647-4">Significance and Implications</hd> <p>[<reflink idref="bib9" id="ref33">9</reflink>] discusses the importance of flow as a goal in recreational therapy. With a better understanding of how people with physical disabilities experience flow, practitioners can better design interventions to facilitate this experience. Recreational therapists play an important role in intervention design and set the stage for flow to occur ([<reflink idref="bib9" id="ref34">9</reflink>]; [<reflink idref="bib17" id="ref35">17</reflink>]) and should be aware of what they need to do to better promote flow. This study highlights the importance of people with disabilities' sense of control in flow, especially when participating in newer activities or interventions. While not specifically studied, control could be even more important in more novel interventions, like climbing or other adventure-based activities. Control also plays an important role in goal setting during assessment, planning, and implementation in the recreational therapy process, and should be considered for any intervention. Also, while this study did not assess climbing as an intervention, practitioners should further investigate using climbing to promote physical and social benefits. Since people with disabilities are often less active and participate less in recreational activities, "flow activities" ([<reflink idref="bib4" id="ref36">4</reflink>], p. 74), like climbing, should be used to promote continued participation. In summary, recreational therapists should be aware of how flow can best be used in treatment to promote an active leisure lifestyle.</p> <ref id="AN0177434647-5"> <title> References </title> <blist> <bibl id="bib1" idref="ref12" type="bt">1</bibl> <bibtext> Babbie E. (2021). The practice of social research (15th ed.). Cengage Learning, Inc.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib2" idref="ref5" type="bt">2</bibl> <bibtext> Boudreau P., Houge Mackenzie S., Hodge K. (2022). Optimal psychological states in advanced climbers: Antecedents, characteristics, and consequences of flow and clutch states. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 60, Article 102155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102155</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib3" idref="ref16" type="bt">3</bibl> <bibtext> Creswell J. W., Creswell J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). Sage Publications, Inc.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib4" idref="ref3" type="bt">4</bibl> <bibtext> Csikszentmihalyi M. (1975). Deep play and the flow experience in rock climbing. In Beyond boredom and anxiety: The experience of play in work and games (pp. 74–101). Jossey-Bass, Inc.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib5" idref="ref4" type="bt">5</bibl> <bibtext> Csikszentmihalyi M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. Harper and Row.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib6" idref="ref1" type="bt">6</bibl> <bibtext> DelGrande B., LaCoppola C., Moriella G., Sanicola K. (2020). Outcomes following an adaptive rock climbing in a person with an incomplete spinal cord injury: A case study. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice,36(12), 1466–1475. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593985.2019.1587799</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib7" idref="ref10" type="bt">7</bibl> <bibtext> Denq W., Delasobera B. E. (2018). Adaptive extreme sports. In De Luigi A. J. (Ed.), Adaptive sports medicine: A clinical guide (pp. 343–355). Springer.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib8" idref="ref2" type="bt">8</bibl> <bibtext> Dorsch T. E., Richards K. A. R., Swain J., Maxey M. (2016). The effects of an outdoor recreation program on individuals with disabilities and their family members: A case study. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 50(2), 155–171. https://doi.org/10.18666/TRJ-2016-V50-I2-6527</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib9" idref="ref33" type="bt">9</bibl> <bibtext> Ellis G. D., Witt P. A., Aguilar T. (1983). Facilitating "flow" through therapeutic recreation services. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 17(2), 6–15.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Jackson S. A., Eklund R. C. (2002). Assessing flow in physical activity: The Flow State Scale–2 and Dispositional Flow Scale–2. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 24(2), 133–150. <ulink href="http://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.24.2.133">http://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.24.2.133</ulink></bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Jackson S. A., Eklund R. C., Martin A. (2010). The flow manual: The manual for the flow scales.Mind Garden, Inc.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Jones T. L., Baxter M. A. J., Khanduja V. (2013). A quick guide to survey research. Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England, 95(1), 5–7. https://doi.org/10.1308/003588413X13511609956372</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Kiewa J. (2001). Control over self and space in rock climbing. Journal of Leisure Research, 33(4), 363–382. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2001.11949949</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Mishra P., Pandey C. M., Singh U., Gupta A., Sahu C., Keshri A. (2019). Descriptive statistics and normality tests for statistical data. Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia, 22(1), 67–72. https://doi.org/10.4103/aca.ACA_157_18</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Palinkas L. A., Horwitz S. M., Green C. A., Wisdom J. P., Duan N., Hoagwood K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration Policy and Mental Health, 42(5), 533–544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Schattke K., Brandstätter V., Taylor G., Kehr H. M. (2014). Flow on the rocks: Motive-incentive congruence enhances flow in rock climbing. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 45(6), 603–620. https://doi.org/10.7352/IJSP.2014.45.603</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Stumbo N. J., Peterson C. A. (2009). Conceptual foundations: The basis for service development and delivery. In Therapeutic recreation program design: Principles and procedures (5th ed, pp. 1–26). Sagamore-Venture.</bibtext> </blist> </ref> <ref id="AN0177434647-6"> <title> Footnotes </title> <blist> <bibtext> The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Emily G. Warner https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7481-8620 Cari E. Autry https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6230-7081</bibtext> </blist> </ref> <aug> <p>By Emily G. Warner; Cari E. Autry; David P. Loy; Clifton E. Watts and Jaehyun Kim</p> <p>Reported by Author; Author; Author; Author; Author</p> </aug> <nolink nlid="nl1" bibid="bib13" firstref="ref8"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl2" bibid="bib16" firstref="ref9"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl3" bibid="bib17" firstref="ref11"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl4" bibid="bib10" firstref="ref14"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl5" bibid="bib12" firstref="ref17"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl6" bibid="bib15" firstref="ref19"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl7" bibid="bib14" firstref="ref21"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl8" bibid="bib11" firstref="ref22"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl9" bibid="bib43" firstref="ref23"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl10" bibid="bib34" firstref="ref25"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl11" bibid="bib24" firstref="ref29"></nolink> |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Flow Perspectives: Using the FSS-2 to Compare Climbers with and without Disabilities – Name: Language Label: Language Group: Lang Data: English – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Emily+G%2E+Warner%22">Emily G. Warner</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7481-8620">0009-0000-7481-8620</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cari+E%2E+Autry%22">Cari E. Autry</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6230-7081">0000-0001-6230-7081</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22David+P%2E+Loy%22">David P. Loy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Clifton+E%2E+Watts%22">Clifton E. Watts</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jaehyun+Kim%22">Jaehyun Kim</searchLink> – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Journal+of+Experiential+Education%22"><i>Journal of Experiential Education</i></searchLink>. 2024 47(2):202-206. – Name: Avail Label: Availability Group: Avail Data: SAGE Publications. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. Tel: 800-818-7243; Tel: 805-499-9774; Fax: 800-583-2665; e-mail: journals@sagepub.com; Web site: https://sagepub.com – Name: PeerReviewed Label: Peer Reviewed Group: SrcInfo Data: Y – Name: Pages Label: Page Count Group: Src Data: 5 – Name: DatePubCY Label: Publication Date Group: Date Data: 2024 – Name: TypeDocument Label: Document Type Group: TypDoc Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Research – Name: Subject Label: Descriptors Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Emotional+Experience%22">Emotional Experience</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Psychological+Patterns%22">Psychological Patterns</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Physical+Disabilities%22">Physical Disabilities</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Physical+Activities%22">Physical Activities</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Physical+Recreation+Programs%22">Physical Recreation Programs</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Therapeutic+Recreation%22">Therapeutic Recreation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Assistive+Technology%22">Assistive Technology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Adventure+Education%22">Adventure Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Affective+Measures%22">Affective Measures</searchLink> – Name: DOI Label: DOI Group: ID Data: 10.1177/10538259231222453 – Name: ISSN Label: ISSN Group: ISSN Data: 1053-8259<br />2169-009X – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: Background: Participation in adventure as a recreational therapy intervention is well-recognized for its benefits for people with disabilities. Advances in technology and adaptive equipment have increased accessibility to adventure-based activities for those with physical disabilities. Climbing has long been established to facilitate the psychological state of flow; however, there is little research on the experience of flow in individuals with physical disabilities and adaptive climbing, specifically. Purpose: This study investigated if flow is experienced differently between individuals with and without physical disabilities who participated in climbing programs and to determine if there was a relationship between flow and intentions in future participation in climbing. Methodology: The Flow State Scale-2 was used to assess flow and additional questions measured participation. Findings: The global flow score on the FSS-2 indicated that climbers with and without disabilities both experienced a flow-like state. Climbers without disabilities reported a significantly higher sense of control, one of the nine dimensions of flow. Implications: With a better understanding of how people with physical disabilities experience flow, practitioners can better design interventions to facilitate this experience and should know how flow can best be used to promote an active leisure lifestyle. – Name: AbstractInfo Label: Abstractor Group: Ab Data: As Provided – Name: DateEntry Label: Entry Date Group: Date Data: 2024 – Name: AN Label: Accession Number Group: ID Data: EJ1426047 |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1177/10538259231222453 Languages: – Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 5 StartPage: 202 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Emotional Experience Type: general – SubjectFull: Psychological Patterns Type: general – SubjectFull: Physical Disabilities Type: general – SubjectFull: Physical Activities Type: general – SubjectFull: Physical Recreation Programs Type: general – SubjectFull: Therapeutic Recreation Type: general – SubjectFull: Assistive Technology Type: general – SubjectFull: Adventure Education Type: general – SubjectFull: Affective Measures Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Flow Perspectives: Using the FSS-2 to Compare Climbers with and without Disabilities Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Emily G. Warner – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Cari E. Autry – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: David P. Loy – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Clifton E. Watts – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Jaehyun Kim IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 06 Type: published Y: 2024 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 1053-8259 – Type: issn-electronic Value: 2169-009X Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 47 – Type: issue Value: 2 Titles: – TitleFull: Journal of Experiential Education Type: main |
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