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Exploring Word-Referent Mapping in Mandarin-Speaking Late-Talkers at 33 Months and Its Language Predictors at 27 Months: An Eye-Tracking Study

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Title: Exploring Word-Referent Mapping in Mandarin-Speaking Late-Talkers at 33 Months and Its Language Predictors at 27 Months: An Eye-Tracking Study
Language: English
Authors: Hsin-Hui Lu (ORCID 0000-0001-8583-591X), Wei-Chun Che (ORCID 0000-0001-5749-8047), Yung-Hao Yang (ORCID 0000-0002-6684-6274), Feng-Ming Tsao (ORCID 0000-0003-1597-7589)
Source: International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders. 2024 59(6):2671-2685.
Availability: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 15
Publication Date: 2024
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Descriptors: Phonemes, Mandarin Chinese, Delayed Speech, Language Skills, Short Term Memory, Comparative Analysis, Eye Movements, Cognitive Mapping, Toddlers, Language Acquisition, Intonation, Tone Languages, Receptive Language, Expressive Language, Vocabulary Development, Predictive Validity, Longitudinal Studies, Task Analysis, Word Recognition, Language Tests
DOI: 10.1111/1460-6984.13107
ISSN: 1368-2822
1460-6984
Abstract: Background and Aims: This longitudinal study investigated the language skills, phonological working memory and lexical-tone perception of Mandarin-speaking late-talkers (LTs) and those with typical language development (TLD) at 27 months, while also examining their connections with novel word-referent mapping (W-R mapping) through eye-tracking at 33 months. Methods and Procedures: Participants included 22 Mandarin-speaking 27-month-old LTs and 22 toddlers with TLD. Data on expressive and receptive language abilities, as well as phonological working memory and lexical-tone perception, were collected when participants were 27 months old. An eye-tracking paradigm was further employed during the word-learning tasks, which included W-R mapping and word-identification test (W-I test) phases at 33 months. Multilevel models were used to analyse participants' gaze pattern trajectories. Outcomes and Results: At 27 months, LT toddlers exhibited poorer language skills (receptive: p = 0.015, expressive: p < 0.001), lexical-tone perception (p < 0.001) and phonological working memory (p < 0.001) compared to those with TLD, even after considering maternal educational level and participants' fine motor ability. During the W-I test phase, we observed that LT toddlers showed a slower increase in fixations on the novel target image while listening to the corresponding novel word over time, compared to TLD toddlers (linear: p = 0.011, quadratic: p = 0.007) after adding confounders. Further, expressive language ability at 27 months old was a predictor of their newly established W-R mappings at 33 months old (p = 0.016). Additionally, the toddler's phonological working memory and lexical-tone perception were associated with their expressive language ability (p = 0.001 and < 0.001). Conclusions and Implications: These findings indicate that the novel W-R mapping is not as robust in LTs as in TLDs, and the skills necessary for word learning share similarities with a wide range of expressive language abilities. Moreover, poor expressive language abilities were associated with deficits in lexical processing abilities; that is, phonological working memory and lexical-tone perception. These findings suggest the need for interventions aimed at improving LTs' lexical processing abilities to strengthen their lagging word-learning skills at toddlerhood.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2024
Accession Number: EJ1449125
Database: ERIC
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  Data: Exploring Word-Referent Mapping in Mandarin-Speaking Late-Talkers at 33 Months and Its Language Predictors at 27 Months: An Eye-Tracking Study
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Hsin-Hui+Lu%22&quot;&gt;Hsin-Hui Lu&lt;/searchLink&gt; (ORCID &lt;externalLink term=&quot;https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8583-591X&quot;&gt;0000-0001-8583-591X&lt;/externalLink&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Wei-Chun+Che%22&quot;&gt;Wei-Chun Che&lt;/searchLink&gt; (ORCID &lt;externalLink term=&quot;https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5749-8047&quot;&gt;0000-0001-5749-8047&lt;/externalLink&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Yung-Hao+Yang%22&quot;&gt;Yung-Hao Yang&lt;/searchLink&gt; (ORCID &lt;externalLink term=&quot;https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6684-6274&quot;&gt;0000-0002-6684-6274&lt;/externalLink&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AR&quot; term=&quot;%22Feng-Ming+Tsao%22&quot;&gt;Feng-Ming Tsao&lt;/searchLink&gt; (ORCID &lt;externalLink term=&quot;https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1597-7589&quot;&gt;0000-0003-1597-7589&lt;/externalLink&gt;)
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  Data: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
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  Data: 10.1111/1460-6984.13107
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  Data: Background and Aims: This longitudinal study investigated the language skills, phonological working memory and lexical-tone perception of Mandarin-speaking late-talkers (LTs) and those with typical language development (TLD) at 27 months, while also examining their connections with novel word-referent mapping (W-R mapping) through eye-tracking at 33 months. Methods and Procedures: Participants included 22 Mandarin-speaking 27-month-old LTs and 22 toddlers with TLD. Data on expressive and receptive language abilities, as well as phonological working memory and lexical-tone perception, were collected when participants were 27 months old. An eye-tracking paradigm was further employed during the word-learning tasks, which included W-R mapping and word-identification test (W-I test) phases at 33 months. Multilevel models were used to analyse participants&#39; gaze pattern trajectories. Outcomes and Results: At 27 months, LT toddlers exhibited poorer language skills (receptive: p = 0.015, expressive: p &lt; 0.001), lexical-tone perception (p &lt; 0.001) and phonological working memory (p &lt; 0.001) compared to those with TLD, even after considering maternal educational level and participants&#39; fine motor ability. During the W-I test phase, we observed that LT toddlers showed a slower increase in fixations on the novel target image while listening to the corresponding novel word over time, compared to TLD toddlers (linear: p = 0.011, quadratic: p = 0.007) after adding confounders. Further, expressive language ability at 27 months old was a predictor of their newly established W-R mappings at 33 months old (p = 0.016). Additionally, the toddler&#39;s phonological working memory and lexical-tone perception were associated with their expressive language ability (p = 0.001 and &lt; 0.001). Conclusions and Implications: These findings indicate that the novel W-R mapping is not as robust in LTs as in TLDs, and the skills necessary for word learning share similarities with a wide range of expressive language abilities. Moreover, poor expressive language abilities were associated with deficits in lexical processing abilities; that is, phonological working memory and lexical-tone perception. These findings suggest the need for interventions aimed at improving LTs&#39; lexical processing abilities to strengthen their lagging word-learning skills at toddlerhood.
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      – TitleFull: Exploring Word-Referent Mapping in Mandarin-Speaking Late-Talkers at 33 Months and Its Language Predictors at 27 Months: An Eye-Tracking Study
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