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State-of-the-Art of Eye Tracking in Mobile-Assisted Learning Studies: A Review of Twenty Years of Empirical Studies

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Title: State-of-the-Art of Eye Tracking in Mobile-Assisted Learning Studies: A Review of Twenty Years of Empirical Studies
Language: English
Authors: Jiarui Hou (ORCID 0000-0002-1426-4360), James F. Lee, Stephen Doherty
Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Learning. 2025 41(1).
Availability: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 34
Publication Date: 2025
Document Type: Journal Articles
Information Analyses
Descriptors: State of the Art Reviews, Eye Movements, Electronic Learning, Handheld Devices, Learning Processes, Educational Technology, Meta Analysis, Cognitive Science, Tablet Computers, Task Analysis, Learning Strategies, Multimedia Instruction, Language Processing, Psychological Patterns
DOI: 10.1111/jcal.13118
ISSN: 0266-4909
1365-2729
Abstract: Background: Recent research has demonstrated the potential of mobile-assisted learning to enhance learners' learning outcomes. In contrast, the learning processes in this regard are much less explored using eye tracking technology. Objective: This systematic review study aims to synthesise the relevant work to reflect the current state of eye tracking use in mobile-assisted learning research over the past 20 years. Method: Fifty-two articles were identified using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis approach, and analysed based on the technology-based learning model in five key dimensions: publication information, research domains, technologies, methods, and eye tracking-related subdimensions. Results and Discussion: The findings indicate a growth in eye tracking studies from 2004 to 2023, with visual and cognitive science and educational technology being the most studied domains. Tablets were the most utilised medium, along with a usage shift towards tracking glasses. Experiment durations, participant numbers, and education levels varied across studies, but reading tasks were common. Questionnaires and tests were the main additional data collection methods, and fixation was the most frequently used category of eye tracking measures. Most studies provided no information on their defined interest areas, from which they extracted eye tracking data, and employed parametric or non-parametric procedures to compare group means for data analysis. The studies primarily explored task performance, learning strategies, and learning tools, while multimedia learning, linguistic processing, and emotion received limited attention. Implications: The systematic review highlights research limitations of current practices for attention and suggests potential avenues for future eye tracking efforts in mobile-assisted learning.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2025
Accession Number: EJ1459022
Database: ERIC
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  Data: State-of-the-Art of Eye Tracking in Mobile-Assisted Learning Studies: A Review of Twenty Years of Empirical Studies
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jiarui+Hou%22">Jiarui Hou</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1426-4360">0000-0002-1426-4360</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22James+F%2E+Lee%22">James F. Lee</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Stephen+Doherty%22">Stephen Doherty</searchLink>
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  Data: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
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  Data: 34
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  Data: 10.1111/jcal.13118
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  Data: 0266-4909<br />1365-2729
– Name: Abstract
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  Data: Background: Recent research has demonstrated the potential of mobile-assisted learning to enhance learners' learning outcomes. In contrast, the learning processes in this regard are much less explored using eye tracking technology. Objective: This systematic review study aims to synthesise the relevant work to reflect the current state of eye tracking use in mobile-assisted learning research over the past 20 years. Method: Fifty-two articles were identified using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis approach, and analysed based on the technology-based learning model in five key dimensions: publication information, research domains, technologies, methods, and eye tracking-related subdimensions. Results and Discussion: The findings indicate a growth in eye tracking studies from 2004 to 2023, with visual and cognitive science and educational technology being the most studied domains. Tablets were the most utilised medium, along with a usage shift towards tracking glasses. Experiment durations, participant numbers, and education levels varied across studies, but reading tasks were common. Questionnaires and tests were the main additional data collection methods, and fixation was the most frequently used category of eye tracking measures. Most studies provided no information on their defined interest areas, from which they extracted eye tracking data, and employed parametric or non-parametric procedures to compare group means for data analysis. The studies primarily explored task performance, learning strategies, and learning tools, while multimedia learning, linguistic processing, and emotion received limited attention. Implications: The systematic review highlights research limitations of current practices for attention and suggests potential avenues for future eye tracking efforts in mobile-assisted learning.
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