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Methods Used to Assess Early Mathematical Skills in 2-Year-Olds: A Review of the Literature

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Title: Methods Used to Assess Early Mathematical Skills in 2-Year-Olds: A Review of the Literature
Language: English
Authors: Hanna Weiers (ORCID 0000-0003-2742-6856), Sohnia Ghattaura, Gaia Scerif (ORCID 0000-0002-6371-8875), Francesco Sella (ORCID 0000-0002-4309-8322), Victoria Simms (ORCID 0000-0001-5664-6810), Iro Xenidou-Dervou (ORCID 0000-0002-1511-6191), Camilla Gilmore (ORCID 0000-0002-5879-2683)
Source: Infant and Child Development. 2025 34(1).
Availability: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 18
Publication Date: 2025
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Descriptors: Toddlers, Mathematical Aptitude, Mathematics Achievement, Mathematics Skills, Mathematics Tests, Numeracy, Evaluation Methods, Developmentally Appropriate Practices, Child Development
DOI: 10.1002/icd.70001
ISSN: 1522-7227
1522-7219
Abstract: When children are aged around 2 years, many of the early foundations of mathematical skills are developing. Understanding this is important to shed light on theories of mathematical development. Nevertheless, little research has investigated 2-year-olds' early mathematical abilities, with most research focussing on either infants (aged 0-1 years) or pre-schoolers (aged 3-5 years). One possible reason for this lack of research may be the challenges associated with the methods used with this age group. Here, we review the methods used to assess 2-year-olds' basic mathematical skills and identify the gaps and issues with those methods. Our findings indicate several issues, both with individual methods used to test specific skills but also some common challenges applicable across all measures and skills. We discuss the identified issues and highlight a need for more appropriate approaches and for alternative methods of administration to better evaluate 2-year-olds' mathematical skills.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2025
Accession Number: EJ1461065
Database: ERIC
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  Data: Methods Used to Assess Early Mathematical Skills in 2-Year-Olds: A Review of the Literature
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hanna+Weiers%22">Hanna Weiers</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2742-6856">0000-0003-2742-6856</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sohnia+Ghattaura%22">Sohnia Ghattaura</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gaia+Scerif%22">Gaia Scerif</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6371-8875">0000-0002-6371-8875</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Francesco+Sella%22">Francesco Sella</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4309-8322">0000-0002-4309-8322</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Victoria+Simms%22">Victoria Simms</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5664-6810">0000-0001-5664-6810</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Iro+Xenidou-Dervou%22">Iro Xenidou-Dervou</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1511-6191">0000-0002-1511-6191</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Camilla+Gilmore%22">Camilla Gilmore</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5879-2683">0000-0002-5879-2683</externalLink>)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Infant+and+Child+Development%22"><i>Infant and Child Development</i></searchLink>. 2025 34(1).
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  Data: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
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  Data: 18
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Toddlers%22">Toddlers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mathematical+Aptitude%22">Mathematical Aptitude</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mathematics+Achievement%22">Mathematics Achievement</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mathematics+Skills%22">Mathematics Skills</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mathematics+Tests%22">Mathematics Tests</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Numeracy%22">Numeracy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Evaluation+Methods%22">Evaluation Methods</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Developmentally+Appropriate+Practices%22">Developmentally Appropriate Practices</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Child+Development%22">Child Development</searchLink>
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  Data: 10.1002/icd.70001
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  Data: When children are aged around 2 years, many of the early foundations of mathematical skills are developing. Understanding this is important to shed light on theories of mathematical development. Nevertheless, little research has investigated 2-year-olds' early mathematical abilities, with most research focussing on either infants (aged 0-1 years) or pre-schoolers (aged 3-5 years). One possible reason for this lack of research may be the challenges associated with the methods used with this age group. Here, we review the methods used to assess 2-year-olds' basic mathematical skills and identify the gaps and issues with those methods. Our findings indicate several issues, both with individual methods used to test specific skills but also some common challenges applicable across all measures and skills. We discuss the identified issues and highlight a need for more appropriate approaches and for alternative methods of administration to better evaluate 2-year-olds' mathematical skills.
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  Data: 2025
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