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The Tact Is Being Emitted by the Child: Replicating and Extending Parity Research with English-Speaking, Typically Developing Children

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Title: The Tact Is Being Emitted by the Child: Replicating and Extending Parity Research with English-Speaking, Typically Developing Children
Language: English
Authors: Samantha Bergmann (ORCID 0000-0001-7952-7179), Tiffany Kodak (ORCID 0000-0002-4250-7374)
Source: Analysis of Verbal Behavior. 2024 40(2):153-176.
Availability: Springer. Available from: Springer Nature. One New York Plaza, Suite 4600, New York, NY 10004. Tel: 800-777-4643; Tel: 212-460-1500; Fax: 212-460-1700; e-mail: customerservice@springernature.com; Web site: https://link.springer.com/
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 24
Publication Date: 2024
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Education Level: Early Childhood Education
Preschool Education
Descriptors: Preschool Children, Preschool Education, Verbal Development, Responses, Learning Processes, Stimuli, Nonverbal Communication, Language Acquisition, Reinforcement, Imitation, Child Behavior, Observational Learning, Incidental Learning, Modeling (Psychology)
DOI: 10.1007/s40616-023-00188-x
ISSN: 0889-9401
2196-8926
Abstract: Parity is one source of automatic reinforcement that increases the probability of verbal behavior that conforms to models provided by the verbal community. Parity as a conditioned reinforcer could explain the acquisition of grammar in the absence of direct, explicit reinforcement. This possibility has been explored in previous research on children's use of tacts with passive-voice autoclitic frames. In this study, we assessed the effects of modeling on the emission of passive-voice autoclitic frames using a pre- and post-test design with multiple training and testing phases. Thirteen children, aged 3 to 5 years, participated in the study and were randomly assigned to either a control, model-only, or model-plus-vocal-imitation group. None of the participants in the control group emitted tacts with passive-voice autoclitic frames. Eighty percent of the participants in the model-only and model-plus-vocal-imitation groups emitted passive-voice autoclitic frames, but the degree of change varied across participants. We measured whether participants attempted to echo the experimenter's passive-voice model in training, and participants in the model-only condition were much more likely to echo the model than participants in the model-plus-vocal-imitation group; nevertheless, participants in the model-plus-vocal-imitation group emitted more tacts with passive-voice autoclitic frames during testing phases. We discuss the results and mechanisms, including parity, which may account for these differences.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2025
Accession Number: EJ1463461
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
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  Data: The Tact Is Being Emitted by the Child: Replicating and Extending Parity Research with English-Speaking, Typically Developing Children
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Samantha+Bergmann%22">Samantha Bergmann</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7952-7179">0000-0001-7952-7179</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tiffany+Kodak%22">Tiffany Kodak</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4250-7374">0000-0002-4250-7374</externalLink>)
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  Data: Springer. Available from: Springer Nature. One New York Plaza, Suite 4600, New York, NY 10004. Tel: 800-777-4643; Tel: 212-460-1500; Fax: 212-460-1700; e-mail: customerservice@springernature.com; Web site: https://link.springer.com/
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  Data: Parity is one source of automatic reinforcement that increases the probability of verbal behavior that conforms to models provided by the verbal community. Parity as a conditioned reinforcer could explain the acquisition of grammar in the absence of direct, explicit reinforcement. This possibility has been explored in previous research on children's use of tacts with passive-voice autoclitic frames. In this study, we assessed the effects of modeling on the emission of passive-voice autoclitic frames using a pre- and post-test design with multiple training and testing phases. Thirteen children, aged 3 to 5 years, participated in the study and were randomly assigned to either a control, model-only, or model-plus-vocal-imitation group. None of the participants in the control group emitted tacts with passive-voice autoclitic frames. Eighty percent of the participants in the model-only and model-plus-vocal-imitation groups emitted passive-voice autoclitic frames, but the degree of change varied across participants. We measured whether participants attempted to echo the experimenter's passive-voice model in training, and participants in the model-only condition were much more likely to echo the model than participants in the model-plus-vocal-imitation group; nevertheless, participants in the model-plus-vocal-imitation group emitted more tacts with passive-voice autoclitic frames during testing phases. We discuss the results and mechanisms, including parity, which may account for these differences.
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