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Parenting Practices and Children's Cognitive Effort: A Laboratory Study

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Title: Parenting Practices and Children's Cognitive Effort: A Laboratory Study
Language: English
Authors: William Foley (ORCID 0000-0002-5179-1020), Jonas Radl (ORCID 0000-0002-0372-5782)
Source: Journal of Early Adolescence. 2025 45(4):481-507.
Availability: SAGE Publications. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. Tel: 800-818-7243; Tel: 805-499-9774; Fax: 800-583-2665; e-mail: journals@sagepub.com; Web site: https://sagepub.com
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 27
Publication Date: 2025
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Education Level: Elementary Education
Grade 5
Intermediate Grades
Middle Schools
Descriptors: Parenting Styles, Parent Child Relationship, Children, Cognitive Ability, Parent Influence, Grade 5, Elementary School Students, Executive Function, Incentives, Foreign Countries, Decision Making, Performance, Activities, Motivation, Intention, Parent Role, Discipline, Social Support Groups
Geographic Terms: Spain (Madrid), Germany (Berlin)
DOI: 10.1177/02724316241250062
ISSN: 0272-4316
1552-5449
Abstract: We examine the association between parenting practices (discipline and support) and children's cognitive effort. Cognitive effort is hard to measure; hence, little is known about effort dispositions, and how parenting practices affect effort. We analyse data from 1,148 fifth-grade students from Berlin and Madrid (around 11 years of age). Cognitive effort is measured with tests of executive function, carried out under two reward schemes: an unincentivised and incentivised condition. We study two effort-related outcomes: "effort direction" -- the child's decision to voluntarily do a real-effort task -- and "effort intensity" -- the child's performance on the task. In line with theoretical expectations, results indicate that both parental discipline and support are associated with effort direction when the moderating role of incentives is taken into account. However, only parental discipline is (weakly) associated with effort intensity. We conclude that parenting practices primarily influence deliberative rather than instinctual types of cognitive effort.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2025
Accession Number: EJ1467648
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
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  Data: Parenting Practices and Children's Cognitive Effort: A Laboratory Study
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  Data: English
– Name: Author
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22William+Foley%22">William Foley</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5179-1020">0000-0002-5179-1020</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jonas+Radl%22">Jonas Radl</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0372-5782">0000-0002-0372-5782</externalLink>)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Journal+of+Early+Adolescence%22"><i>Journal of Early Adolescence</i></searchLink>. 2025 45(4):481-507.
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  Label: Availability
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  Data: SAGE Publications. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. Tel: 800-818-7243; Tel: 805-499-9774; Fax: 800-583-2665; e-mail: journals@sagepub.com; Web site: https://sagepub.com
– Name: PeerReviewed
  Label: Peer Reviewed
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  Data: Y
– Name: Pages
  Label: Page Count
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  Data: 27
– Name: DatePubCY
  Label: Publication Date
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  Data: 2025
– Name: TypeDocument
  Label: Document Type
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  Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Research
– Name: Audience
  Label: Education Level
  Group: Audnce
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Elementary+Education%22">Elementary Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Grade+5%22">Grade 5</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Intermediate+Grades%22">Intermediate Grades</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Middle+Schools%22">Middle Schools</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Parenting+Styles%22">Parenting Styles</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Parent+Child+Relationship%22">Parent Child Relationship</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Children%22">Children</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cognitive+Ability%22">Cognitive Ability</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Parent+Influence%22">Parent Influence</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Grade+5%22">Grade 5</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Elementary+School+Students%22">Elementary School Students</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Executive+Function%22">Executive Function</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Incentives%22">Incentives</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Foreign+Countries%22">Foreign Countries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Decision+Making%22">Decision Making</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Performance%22">Performance</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Activities%22">Activities</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Motivation%22">Motivation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Intention%22">Intention</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Parent+Role%22">Parent Role</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Discipline%22">Discipline</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Social+Support+Groups%22">Social Support Groups</searchLink>
– Name: Subject
  Label: Geographic Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Spain+%28Madrid%29%22">Spain (Madrid)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Germany+%28Berlin%29%22">Germany (Berlin)</searchLink>
– Name: DOI
  Label: DOI
  Group: ID
  Data: 10.1177/02724316241250062
– Name: ISSN
  Label: ISSN
  Group: ISSN
  Data: 0272-4316<br />1552-5449
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: We examine the association between parenting practices (discipline and support) and children's cognitive effort. Cognitive effort is hard to measure; hence, little is known about effort dispositions, and how parenting practices affect effort. We analyse data from 1,148 fifth-grade students from Berlin and Madrid (around 11 years of age). Cognitive effort is measured with tests of executive function, carried out under two reward schemes: an unincentivised and incentivised condition. We study two effort-related outcomes: "effort direction" -- the child's decision to voluntarily do a real-effort task -- and "effort intensity" -- the child's performance on the task. In line with theoretical expectations, results indicate that both parental discipline and support are associated with effort direction when the moderating role of incentives is taken into account. However, only parental discipline is (weakly) associated with effort intensity. We conclude that parenting practices primarily influence deliberative rather than instinctual types of cognitive effort.
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  Label: Abstractor
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  Data: As Provided
– Name: DateEntry
  Label: Entry Date
  Group: Date
  Data: 2025
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  Label: Accession Number
  Group: ID
  Data: EJ1467648
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=eric&AN=EJ1467648
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  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1177/02724316241250062
    Languages:
      – Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 27
        StartPage: 481
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Parenting Styles
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Parent Child Relationship
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Children
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cognitive Ability
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Parent Influence
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Grade 5
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Elementary School Students
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Executive Function
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Incentives
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Foreign Countries
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Decision Making
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Performance
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Activities
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Motivation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Intention
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Parent Role
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Discipline
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Social Support Groups
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Spain (Madrid)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Germany (Berlin)
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Parenting Practices and Children's Cognitive Effort: A Laboratory Study
        Type: main
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            NameFull: William Foley
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            NameFull: Jonas Radl
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              M: 04
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 0272-4316
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              Value: 1552-5449
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              Value: 45
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              Value: 4
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            – TitleFull: Journal of Early Adolescence
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