Predicting Barbell Release Speed from Peak Speed in the Bench Press Throw via a Linear Position Transducer
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| Title: | Predicting Barbell Release Speed from Peak Speed in the Bench Press Throw via a Linear Position Transducer |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Authors: | Molly C. Henneberry, Dana Agar-Newman, Seth Lenetsky, Marc D. Klimstra |
| Source: | Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science. 2025 29(2):174-180. |
| Availability: | Routledge. Available from: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 530 Walnut Street Suite 850, Philadelphia, PA 19106. Tel: 800-354-1420; Tel: 215-625-8900; Fax: 215-207-0050; Web site: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals |
| Peer Reviewed: | Y |
| Page Count: | 7 |
| Publication Date: | 2025 |
| Document Type: | Journal Articles Reports - Research |
| Descriptors: | Athletics, Human Body, Muscular Strength, Biomechanics, Physical Fitness, Motion, Physical Activities |
| DOI: | 10.1080/1091367X.2024.2426761 |
| ISSN: | 1091-367X 1532-7841 |
| Abstract: | Upper body force-velocity profiles to assess musculoskeletal performance are created using release speed (RS) of the barbell in a bench press throw (BPT). A more easily obtained variable is peak speed (PS) measured by a linear position transducer. We assessed the validity of predicting RS from measured PS. One hundred and seventy-eight throws from ten male participants age (mean ± SD) 27 ± 5 yrs, mass 88 ± 13 kg with minimum one year of resistance training performed the BPT with increasing loads on a Smith machine. Correlation revealed an exponential relationship of RS = 0.26e[superscript 0.9(PS)], (R[superscript 2] = 0.96, p < 0.05). We assessed predictive validity by comparing the measured RS of the barbell in each throw to the RS estimated by this formula. Bland-Altman analysis showed the 95% limit of agreement was 0.26 m·s[superscript -1] to 0.18 m·s[superscript -1], with a mean difference of 0.04 m·s[superscript -1] (2.92%), determining that PS may be used to estimate RS. |
| Abstractor: | As Provided |
| Entry Date: | 2025 |
| Accession Number: | EJ1468265 |
| Database: | ERIC |
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| FullText | Links: – Type: pdflink Url: https://content.ebscohost.com/cds/retrieve?content=AQICAHj0k_4E0hTGH8RJwT4gCJyBsGNe_WN95AvKlDbXJGqwxwHE85gjJy_FS9Cz2oxZ2e8rAAAA4zCB4AYJKoZIhvcNAQcGoIHSMIHPAgEAMIHJBgkqhkiG9w0BBwEwHgYJYIZIAWUDBAEuMBEEDB1OSoUPahVFl5SfrQIBEICBm3HZ8xEqSmr-VpT5RE1ehrXXJxS768pEVKKgsl6mSwDtDJ_H5suxptxmNC56cEdAsOWAHJDr1Aih34Chj5MHxdVoXh5e4eouZ3a39fP2ksrJfwiyF_WwjULOudAaufb_B5Q8F_wGJbvVTuZ8yRiq6ekCqPNee-ScT-d8ldPJA528XvosBom4bKMcEUFa3BF-Drv8gqx6Ds7BaH-x Text: Availability: 1 Value: <anid>AN0184594847;7mm01apr.25;2025Apr22.02:30;v2.2.500</anid> <title id="AN0184594847-1">Predicting Barbell Release Speed from Peak Speed in the Bench Press Throw via a Linear Position Transducer </title> <p>Upper body force-velocity profiles to assess musculoskeletal performance are created using release speed (RS) of the barbell in a bench press throw (BPT). A more easily obtained variable is peak speed (PS) measured by a linear position transducer. We assessed the validity of predicting RS from measured PS. One hundred and seventy-eight throws from ten male participants age (mean ± SD) 27 ± 5 yrs, mass 88 ± 13 kg with minimum one year of resistance training performed the BPT with increasing loads on a Smith machine. Correlation revealed an exponential relationship of RS = 0.26e&lt;sup&gt;0.9(PS)&lt;/sup&gt;, (R&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0.96, p &lt;.05). We assessed predictive validity by comparing the measured RS of the barbell in each throw to the RS estimated by this formula. Bland-Altman analysis showed the 95% limit of agreement was 0.26 m∙s&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; to 0.18 m∙s&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;, with a mean difference of 0.04 m∙s&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; (2.92%), determining that PS may be used to estimate RS.</p> <p>Keywords: Force-velocity profiling; biomechanics; upper body; bench press throw; musculoskeletal testing</p> <hd id="AN0184594847-2">Introduction</hd> <p>Force-velocity profiling has emerged as a popular tool for characterizing an athlete's physical capabilities and has proved useful in developing training interventions to improve performance of ballistic actions (Morin &amp; Samozino, [<reflink idref="bib13" id="ref1">13</reflink>]). Power is often the variable associated with performance in these ballistic actions. As power is the product of force (<emph>F</emph>) and velocity (<emph>v</emph>), the force-velocity profile allows practitioners insight into which of <emph>F</emph> or <emph>v</emph> should be addressed to improve the resultant power in an experienced athlete. Training interventions using the results of these profiles are beyond the scope of this publication, and interested readers are directed to Morin and Samozino ([<reflink idref="bib13" id="ref2">13</reflink>]). A validated way to create the profile is to obtain measurements of the ballistic task with various loads, and a simple three-factor model to calculate the previously-mentioned important variables (mean force, velocity, and power) from a squat jump using push off distance, system mass and flight time has been developed (Samozino et al., [<reflink idref="bib15" id="ref3">15</reflink>]). This model has been successfully applied to lower body tasks to simplify the process of collecting a force-velocity assessment. Though this technique has been critiqued due to reliability concerns (Lindberg et al., [<reflink idref="bib10" id="ref4">10</reflink>]) and concerns about the influence of joint angles during the movement (Feeney et al. [<reflink idref="bib5" id="ref5">5</reflink>]), and the assumption of linearity in the relationship between force and velocity (Bobbert et al., [<reflink idref="bib3" id="ref6">3</reflink>]). These concerns, however, can be mitigated by rigorous testing protocols, and the force-velocity profile remains a practical tool for coaches to target training goals specific to an athletes' capabilities.</p> <p>Recent studies have focused on the refinement and application of lower body vertical force-velocity techniques (Feeney et al., [<reflink idref="bib5" id="ref7">5</reflink>]; Samozino et al., [<reflink idref="bib15" id="ref8">15</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib16" id="ref9">16</reflink>]) and more recently an upper body assessment using a bench press throw on a Smith machine has been developed and validated (Rahmani et al., [<reflink idref="bib14" id="ref10">14</reflink>]). This bench press throw vertical force-velocity protocol provides unique opportunities for upper body assessment, however there are technical considerations that may limit its broad application. First, the requirement of a Smith machine limits accessibility as this equipment may not be readily available. Additionally, many Smith machines have a high fixed load (the load of the barbell plus accessories) that may make it difficult to measure ballistic actions with low loads and high velocities. Further, the specific measurement of the height of the projectile (height of the thrown weight) achieved for use in the 3-factor model requires important consideration. In the specific protocol developed by Rahmani et al. ([<reflink idref="bib14" id="ref11">14</reflink>]), they used a method to determine the height of the projectile by measuring the displacement of a ring on the Smith machine guide that rose with the barbell, and the ring remained at the highest height achieved after the barbell returned to the hands. While this approach was appropriate to validate the novel method, manual measurement of height in this manner may introduce human measurement error and can be time consuming during testing sessions consisting of multiple athletes (team settings). Other height measurement tools such as video analysis, inertial measurement units (IMU's) and linear position transducers may also be limited as the ability to readily determine the displacement, and the time of bar release requires high-resolution tools and comprehensive analysis. To simplify the collection of important kinematic values for input in the 3-factor model during a hexagonal bar jump, Agar-Newman et. al (Agar-Newman et al., [<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref12">1</reflink>]) predicted takeoff speed (TOS) using peak speed from a Linear Position Transducer (LPT), as peak speed is a common output from a commercially available LPT, the Tendo unit. They found a strong relationship (R<sups>2</sups> = 0.98, RMSE 0.065 m·s − 1), and developed an equation that could be used to transform the native measurement output of peak speed from an LPT into TOS that could be input into the force-velocity 3-factor model. This finding enables a simple and effective way of collecting relevant measures using an LPT which reduces the time for manual measurement making this method applicable for practitioners working in the field. Using this same method of predicting the relationship between peak speed and release speed of the barbell in the ballistic bench throw task may provide a unique way of making this protocol and other potential upper body force-velocity protocols more accessible. A final benefit of this method is addressing issues with the linear vs. curved force-velocity relationship as presented by Bobbert et al. ([<reflink idref="bib3" id="ref13">3</reflink>]) and discussed above. While a similar protocol as Bobbert et al. ([<reflink idref="bib3" id="ref14">3</reflink>]) should be explored in the future research in the bench press throw, the argument that evaluating takeoff velocity and load in the vertical jump may afford practitioners similar insights as the force-velocity profile suggests that feasible analysis of these two variables is of importance. The present study may allow this principle to be further applied to the bench press throw.</p> <p>Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the relationship between PS and RS during a bench throw task using an LPT. We hypothesized that in the bench press throw, RS can be predicted from PS. This finding could eliminate the need for a measurement of barbell displacement with the Smith machine setup for use in the three-factor model for upper body force-velocity profiling, which as described above, is time-consuming and can introduce error. Practitioners could then utilize PS, obtained via common LPT technology in a time efficient manner, in upper body force-velocity profiling.</p> <hd id="AN0184594847-3">Materials and methods</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0184594847-4">Participants</hd> <p>One hundred and seventy-eight throws were collected from ten healthy male participants (mean age 27.03 ± 5.26 yrs, mean body mass 88.41 ± 13.24 kg), with a minimum of one year of resistance training experience. Participants refrained from high-intensity physical activity for 24 hrs prior to testing. All participants gave their informed consent to partake in this study and ethical approval was obtained from the University of Victoria Human Research Ethics Board (Protocol Number 22–0044). A power calculation was performed in G*Power version 3.1 (Faul et al., [<reflink idref="bib4" id="ref15">4</reflink>]) to determine the sample size with alpha level 0.05 and power 0.8.</p> <hd id="AN0184594847-5">Protocol</hd> <p>All data for this predictive study were collected by the National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA) Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialists. A vertical Smith machine barbell was outfitted with a Tendo Unit LPT (Tendo Sports Machines UK LTD, London, UK). Participants arrived at the facility, and anthropometrics were collected prior to warmup. Participants performed a five-minute standardized general dynamic warmup, followed by a specific warmup of five repetitions of the bench press throw with the unloaded barbell only (22 kg). During the specific warmup, participants assumed the position presented in the original validation study for upper body force-velocity profiling (Rahmani et al., [<reflink idref="bib14" id="ref16">14</reflink>]); supine on the bench with the leg at the hip and knee flexed to 90 degrees and ankles crossed. Though this position is not the standard bench press technique, it was chosen to isolate the test to the upper body and limit the influence of the legs (Rahmani et al., [<reflink idref="bib14" id="ref17">14</reflink>]). An overhand grip was selected with the barbell at sternum level, two inches above the sternum, and forearms perpendicular to the ground. The self-selected grip width was marked on the barbell for each participant and remained consistent for each trial with each load (Figure 1).</p> <p>Graph: Figure 1. Participant position for each repetition of the bench press throw, with markers for grip width consistency between loads.</p> <p>Following a five-minute rest period after the specific warmup, participants performed three trials with each load with a minimum of 180 s of rest between each load, starting with the unloaded barbell (22 kg), followed by 5 kg increments for each set until the subject could either no longer throw the barbell, or voluntarily stopped the protocol. Two trained spotters were positioned on either side of the Smith machine, to catch the barbell in case of a failed repetition. Participants performed a minimum of four loads for analysis. It has been shown that when performing the bench press throw loads approaching 1RM, the ability to create a projectile with the barbell is compromised, and there may not be "substantial throw" (Moir et al., [<reflink idref="bib12" id="ref18">12</reflink>]). Therefore, the research team manually identified repetitions with loads which participants failed to throw the barbell in a manner that created a distinct flight phase, determined by a lack of a distinct plateau in vertical acceleration (calculated from speed). These repetitions were subsequently excluded from this analysis.</p> <p>Speed and time data were exported from Tendo proprietary software and all calculations were performed in R (Version 1.4.1103; Vienna, Austria).</p> <p>Acceleration and speed were plotted, and the relevant phases of the movement to calculate RS were determined. The negative acceleration prior to the flight phase represents the portion of the concentric phase of the bench press throw, in which the barbell is decelerating prior to release. The flight phase was identified by the data points in negative acceleration wherein the differences between each point were &lt;0.2SD, as the acceleration during the flight phase of the barbell is constant, since the only forces acting upon the barbell in this phase are the gravitational constant (Fontana et al., [<reflink idref="bib6" id="ref19">6</reflink>]), the force of the Tendo unit (~2N as per manufacturer specifications), and the constant force of friction between the Smith machine support bars and the mechanism holding the barbell along its track (Rahmani et al., [<reflink idref="bib14" id="ref20">14</reflink>]). A line of best fit was applied to the acceleration during the flight phase, and to the negative acceleration values prior to the flight phase, using the linear model function in R. This approach was used based on the biomechanical principles of propulsive movements, such as the squat jump. When measuring acceleration in the squat jump using force plates, there is a clear plateau in the force-time curve during which force is zero and acceleration is equal to the gravitational constant, indicating that this is the only force acting on the body, and the body is in its flight phase. The first point of the flight phase is the moment of jump takeoff (Linthorne, [<reflink idref="bib11" id="ref21">11</reflink>]). In this study, some error is introduced when calculating acceleration from speed using the Tendo and due to friction of the Smith machine, thus we were unable to use the standard gravitational constant (g = −9.81 m∙s<sups>−1</sups>) as the moment the barbell left the hands (release). Therefore, the intercept between the line of best fit during the plateau, and the negative acceleration during the concentric phase was calculated. This point represents the estimated moment the barbell changes from being held by the subject to entering its flight phase, and was deemed the moment of release of the barbell. We determined RS for all repetitions of a bench press throw at increasing loads using acceleration during the concentric phase with the acceleration in flight, by creating coefficient matrices from the linear model output and using the solve function in R to calculate their intercept (Figure 2). The speed at this time point represents RS (indicated by the gray circle in Figure 2), which was then used to develop the exponential model against PS.</p> <p>Graph: Figure 2. Moment of release, as the intercept between negative acceleration and the flight phase of the barbell, and its circled corresponding velocity at this intercept. Flight phase was determined by low variance (difference between points &lt;0.3 m∙s−1).</p> <hd id="AN0184594847-6">Statistical analyses</hd> <p>Statistical analyses were performed in R (Version 1.4.1103; Vienna, Austria), and we assessed the relationship between RS and PS with an exponential model. The plot of the residuals displayed a random scatter of points, and the normality assumption was appropriate for RS. A Shapiro–Wilk test of normality determined that predicted speeds (in both the test and training sets) were not normally distributed and appear to be skewed toward the slower velocities (W = 0.95, <emph>p</emph> = 1.29e-05). Trials were then randomly split into a training set (<emph>n</emph> = 62) and a test set (<emph>n</emph> = 116) of throws, with at least one throw per load per participant in each of the training and test sets. We calculated the relationship between RS and PS from the training set using an exponential regression model fit to the test set. The exponential model determined by the training set of data (R<sups>2</sups> = 0.95, <emph>p</emph> &lt;.05) was then applied to the PS of the test set to obtain an estimated RS for each test set throw, which was then compared to its corresponding measured RS. Agreement between measured RS and estimated RS in the test set was compared to determine if the exponential model developed from the training set accurately predicts RS of the barbell from PS. Within-session reliability of LPT-measured PS was assessed by Two-Way Mixed Model Intraclass Correlation with Absolute Agreement (ICC = 0.97 (95% CI 0.96–0.98), SEM of = 0.3 m∙s<sups>−1</sups>), with the filter set to 0.35 m as per the LPT manufacturer guidelines. Correlation and Bland-Altman analysis were used to assess the level of agreement between measured and estimated RS. A range of agreement was defined as mean bias ± 2SD with 95% of values within the limits (Giavarina, [<reflink idref="bib8" id="ref22">8</reflink>]).</p> <hd id="AN0184594847-7">Results</hd> <p>The exponential model of PS and RS had an R<sups>2</sups> of 0.95 with a Residual Standard Error of 0.14 m∙s<sups>−1</sups> on 61 degrees of freedom (Figure 3).</p> <p>Graph: Figure 3. Peak speed and release speed in the training set, fit with an exponential model.</p> <p>The exponential model determined that the relationship between RS and PS was:</p> <p>Graph</p> <p> <ephtml> &lt;math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant="normal"&gt;RS&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0.26&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;e&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0.9&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mfenced open="(" close=")"&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant="normal"&gt;PS&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfenced&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi mathvariant="italic" /&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt; </ephtml> </p> <p>This formula was then applied to the test set to obtain an estimated RS, and there was a significant correlation between the measured and estimated RS and (R<sups>2</sups> = 0.96) (Figure 4).</p> <p>Graph: Figure 4. Regression plot of estimated vs. measured RS from the test set (R2 = 0.96).</p> <p>Bland-Altman analysis (Figure 5) indicated that the 95% limits of agreement ranged from 0.26 m∙s<sups>−1</sups> to 0.18 m∙s<sups>−1</sups>, with a mean difference of 0.04 m∙s<sups>−1</sups> (2.92%), and points above and below zero, suggesting no systematic bias exists between each metric. This range is within the range of ±5% of release speed, defined a priori as acceptable.</p> <p>Graph: Figure 5. Bland-Altman analysis of measured and estimated RS from the test set.</p> <hd id="AN0184594847-8">Discussion</hd> <p>These results suggest that RS may be predicted from PS during a bench throw task across a range of loads and speeds obtained via an LPT. Overall, these findings support the use of a common LPT PS output and a predictive equation, determined from this study, to calculate RS and develop upper body FV profiles. This finding may improve the accessibility of upper body force-velocity profile assessment across different tasks.</p> <p>To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to predict barbell RS from LPT-measured PS in an upper body ballistic task. Agar-Newman et al. (Agar-Newmanet al., [<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref23">1</reflink>]) first successfully applied a similar model to RS from PS in the hexagonal bar jump, supporting the use of the LPT and the hexagonal bar for the three-factor model in lower body force-velocity profiling (Agar-Newman et al., [<reflink idref="bib2" id="ref24">2</reflink>]). This study may allow practitioners to use this common LPT output to easily predict the release speed of the barbell in a bench press throw with little equipment or analysis time, rendering the task of testing large groups more accessible. The benefit of using a LPT transducer native output of PS improves the efficiency of testing large cohorts without complex data collection or analysis. The strong relationship with minimal error enables practitioners' confidence in using this method. This supports the use of PS as measured by an LPT as an easily obtained variable to use in the three-component model of the upper-body force-velocity profile (Rahmani et al., [<reflink idref="bib14" id="ref25">14</reflink>]).</p> <p>An interesting finding, and not like previous PS-RS relationships, was the exponential relationship between PS and RS in the present study. While Agar-Newman et al. ([<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref26">1</reflink>]) found a linear relationship between PS and RS in a hex-bar jump lower body task, we found a strong exponential relationship in this upper body bench-throw. This could be related to inherent differences between the tasks as there are notable differences between the upper body bench throw task and squat jump. First, while the system mass in both is a sum of the exercise equipment and body segments during the concentric phase, this entire mass becomes the projectile in the squat task but only the equipment becomes the projectile in the bench throw when the athlete lets the weight go. This may impact the strategy utilized when throwing versus jumping to decelerate the limbs, especially across different loads. Second, the exponential relationship, which exhibits a lower rate of change in RS versus PS at slower velocities (and therefore heavier loads) may be explained by the technique of the bench press throw. It is known that there are distinct phases in bench press and bench press throw, including a peak speed, a "sticking region" where the speed of the barbell plateaus and may drop before increasing again, then decreases further to the end of the concentric phase (van den Tillaar &amp; Saeterbakken, [<reflink idref="bib17" id="ref27">17</reflink>]). The phases of the bench press are longer with heavier loads due to the force-velocity relationship, where the load is accelerated more slowly, and it may be that the longer deceleration phase following the PS allows the barbell to decelerate for longer before release compared to lighter loads (van den Tillaar &amp; Saeterbakken, [<reflink idref="bib17" id="ref28">17</reflink>]). These technical considerations may explain the exponential relationship between PS and RS, however further research with a greater sample size is warranted to support these claims in the bench press throw, as most work in these distinct phases has been done in the traditional, non-ballistic bench press. Though direct comparisons between a free-weight movement and Smith machine movements may not be valid due to the friction of the Smith machine, A future direction for this work may also include the comparison of different Smith machines to establish whether differences in friction exist that influence the outcome of the barbell's speed in a meaningful manner. Agar-Newman et al. ([<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref29">1</reflink>]), in examination of their Bland-Altman assessment also noted some discrepancies in precision of predicted speeds in the low range. This finding could suggest a slight non-linear relationship between RS and PS in the hex-bar task as well. They concluded that this could be related to a measurement technology issue or potentially a different movement strategy at higher loads. It has been suggested that when performing the bench press throw with loads approaching 1RM, the ability to create a projectile with the barbell is compromised, and this may not be a "substantial projection" of the barbell (Moir et al., [<reflink idref="bib12" id="ref30">12</reflink>]). This supports further exploring the nonlinear relationship in future research, where a greater range of loads may be permitted if constraints imposed by the bench press throw in this study were eliminated; (<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref31">1</reflink>) further adjusting the initial load of the barbell to be lighter, which may allow more low-load, high-speed throws for some participants, and (<reflink idref="bib2" id="ref32">2</reflink>) further familiarization with the movement that may allow greater high-load, low-speed throws for others. The outcome of this study supports the potential to facilitate the development and measurement of more upper body FVP tasks. Past research has focused on power-load/load-velocity profiles, and mean/peak velocity variables for bench press throw/bench press (García-Ramos et al., [<reflink idref="bib7" id="ref33">7</reflink>]; Iturricastillo et al., [<reflink idref="bib9" id="ref34">9</reflink>]; Moir et al., [<reflink idref="bib12" id="ref35">12</reflink>]); however, in this study we introduce force-velocity principles that may be applicable to both of these exercises as well as other explosive upper body tasks such as throws or pushes is other planes of movement, specific to sport demands (for example, volleyball hitting, baseball pitching, etc). While the ability to develop and measure upper body force-velocity tasks has been limited by measurement technologies, our simple method to determine RS from PS combined with the 3-factor model of Samozino et al. ([<reflink idref="bib13" id="ref36">13</reflink>]) and Rahmani et al.([<reflink idref="bib14" id="ref37">14</reflink>]) creates a fundamental approach that may be used in many upper body tasks. Practitioners may use an exponential model to predict barbell RS from a linear position transducer in the bench press throw, a method which is less equipment- and time-intensive than other methods.</p> <p>We conclude it is possible to predict release speed of the barbell in the bench press throw on a Smith machine from its peak speed achieved in the movement. Future research should investigate the use of the predicted speed in the 3-factor model to develop the upper body force-velocity profile.</p> <hd id="AN0184594847-9">Acknowledgments</hd> <p>The authors wish to acknowledge the Canadian Sport Institute Pacific for generously providing the space and equipment for this study.</p> <hd id="AN0184594847-10">Disclosure statement</hd> <p>No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).</p> <ref id="AN0184594847-11"> <title> References </title> <blist> <bibl id="bib1" idref="ref12" type="bt">1</bibl> <bibtext> Agar-Newman, D. J., Tsai, M. C., &amp; Klimstra, M. (2020a). Predicting hexagonal-bar jump takeoff speed using peak speed from a linear position transducer. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 24 (4), 258 – 263. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2020.1802730</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib2" idref="ref24" type="bt">2</bibl> <bibtext> Agar-Newman, D. J., Tsai, M.-C., &amp; Klimstra, M. (2020b). 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Klimstra</p> <p>Reported by Author; Author; Author; Author</p> </aug> <nolink nlid="nl1" bibid="bib13" firstref="ref1"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl2" bibid="bib15" firstref="ref3"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl3" bibid="bib10" firstref="ref4"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl4" bibid="bib16" firstref="ref9"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl5" bibid="bib14" firstref="ref10"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl6" bibid="bib12" firstref="ref18"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl7" bibid="bib11" firstref="ref21"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl8" bibid="bib17" firstref="ref27"></nolink> |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Predicting Barbell Release Speed from Peak Speed in the Bench Press Throw via a Linear Position Transducer – Name: Language Label: Language Group: Lang Data: English – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Molly+C%2E+Henneberry%22">Molly C. Henneberry</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dana+Agar-Newman%22">Dana Agar-Newman</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Seth+Lenetsky%22">Seth Lenetsky</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Marc+D%2E+Klimstra%22">Marc D. Klimstra</searchLink> – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Measurement+in+Physical+Education+and+Exercise+Science%22"><i>Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science</i></searchLink>. 2025 29(2):174-180. – Name: Avail Label: Availability Group: Avail Data: Routledge. Available from: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 530 Walnut Street Suite 850, Philadelphia, PA 19106. Tel: 800-354-1420; Tel: 215-625-8900; Fax: 215-207-0050; Web site: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals – Name: PeerReviewed Label: Peer Reviewed Group: SrcInfo Data: Y – Name: Pages Label: Page Count Group: Src Data: 7 – Name: DatePubCY Label: Publication Date Group: Date Data: 2025 – Name: TypeDocument Label: Document Type Group: TypDoc Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Research – Name: Subject Label: Descriptors Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Athletics%22">Athletics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Human+Body%22">Human Body</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Muscular+Strength%22">Muscular Strength</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Biomechanics%22">Biomechanics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Physical+Fitness%22">Physical Fitness</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Motion%22">Motion</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Physical+Activities%22">Physical Activities</searchLink> – Name: DOI Label: DOI Group: ID Data: 10.1080/1091367X.2024.2426761 – Name: ISSN Label: ISSN Group: ISSN Data: 1091-367X<br />1532-7841 – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: Upper body force-velocity profiles to assess musculoskeletal performance are created using release speed (RS) of the barbell in a bench press throw (BPT). A more easily obtained variable is peak speed (PS) measured by a linear position transducer. We assessed the validity of predicting RS from measured PS. One hundred and seventy-eight throws from ten male participants age (mean ± SD) 27 ± 5 yrs, mass 88 ± 13 kg with minimum one year of resistance training performed the BPT with increasing loads on a Smith machine. Correlation revealed an exponential relationship of RS = 0.26e[superscript 0.9(PS)], (R[superscript 2] = 0.96, p < 0.05). We assessed predictive validity by comparing the measured RS of the barbell in each throw to the RS estimated by this formula. Bland-Altman analysis showed the 95% limit of agreement was 0.26 m·s[superscript -1] to 0.18 m·s[superscript -1], with a mean difference of 0.04 m·s[superscript -1] (2.92%), determining that PS may be used to estimate RS. – Name: AbstractInfo Label: Abstractor Group: Ab Data: As Provided – Name: DateEntry Label: Entry Date Group: Date Data: 2025 – Name: AN Label: Accession Number Group: ID Data: EJ1468265 |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1080/1091367X.2024.2426761 Languages: – Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 7 StartPage: 174 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Athletics Type: general – SubjectFull: Human Body Type: general – SubjectFull: Muscular Strength Type: general – SubjectFull: Biomechanics Type: general – SubjectFull: Physical Fitness Type: general – SubjectFull: Motion Type: general – SubjectFull: Physical Activities Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Predicting Barbell Release Speed from Peak Speed in the Bench Press Throw via a Linear Position Transducer Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Molly C. Henneberry – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Dana Agar-Newman – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Seth Lenetsky – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Marc D. Klimstra IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 01 Type: published Y: 2025 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 1091-367X – Type: issn-electronic Value: 1532-7841 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 29 – Type: issue Value: 2 Titles: – TitleFull: Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science Type: main |
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