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The Educational Project of UPB Industrial Chemistry Faculty in the Business Development of Medellin, Colombia (1938-1960)

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Title: The Educational Project of UPB Industrial Chemistry Faculty in the Business Development of Medellin, Colombia (1938-1960)
Language: English
Authors: Marisol Osorio (ORCID 0000-0003-3300-8677), José R. Álvarez Múnera (ORCID 0000-0003-3550-7015)
Source: History of Education. 2025 54(3):339-361.
Availability: Routledge. Available from: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 530 Walnut Street Suite 850, Philadelphia, PA 19106. Tel: 800-354-1420; Tel: 215-625-8900; Fax: 215-207-0050; Web site: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 23
Publication Date: 2025
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Education Level: Higher Education
Postsecondary Education
Descriptors: Chemistry, College Faculty, Science Teachers, Science Education, Foreign Countries, Engineering Education, Industrial Education, Universities, Chemical Engineering, Educational History, College Graduates, Program Descriptions, Education Work Relationship, School Business Relationship
Geographic Terms: Colombia, Spain
DOI: 10.1080/0046760X.2025.2466510
ISSN: 0046-760X
1464-5130
Abstract: This paper seeks to deepen our understanding of how the emergence of industrial engineering degrees in a Colombian region related with industrial, economic and societal dynamics in the first decades of the twentieth century. To this end, it explores the insertion of the graduates of the first cohorts of the Chemical Engineering programme of the Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana (UPB) into existing companies in the region, and their participation in emerging industry initiatives. The research provides previously unpublished primary sources and extensive bibliographical documentation. A relationship with the programmes in vigour in Spain at the time is identified, the way in which chemical engineering contributes to the training for work of the graduates is observed and the ways in which their participation in the workplace strengthened the business processes of the time and country are found.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2025
Accession Number: EJ1469645
Database: ERIC
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  Value: <anid>AN0184444360;hed01may.25;2025Apr15.05:09;v2.2.500</anid> <title id="AN0184444360-1">The Educational Project of UPB Industrial Chemistry Faculty in the Business Development of Medellin, Colombia (1938–1960) </title> <p>This paper seeks to deepen our understanding of how the emergence of industrial engineering degrees in a Colombian region related with industrial, economic and societal dynamics in the first decades of the twentieth century. To this end, it explores the insertion of the graduates of the first cohorts of the Chemical Engineering programme of the Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana (UPB) into existing companies in the region, and their participation in emerging industry initiatives. The research provides previously unpublished primary sources and extensive bibliographical documentation. A relationship with the programmes in vigour in Spain at the time is identified, the way in which chemical engineering contributes to the training for work of the graduates is observed and the ways in which their participation in the workplace strengthened the business processes of the time and country are found.</p> <p>Keywords: Higher education; university–industry relations; history of engineering in Colombia</p> <hd id="AN0184444360-2">Introduction</hd> <p>The relationship between industry and professional technological education is a topic of utmost interest, because technological vocational training has been considered one of the driving forces behind industrial development, and the lack of it, as one of the barriers to the successful transition from technological dependence to technological independence, and, therefore, to the countries' own industrialisation, as has been observed in Latin American countries, such as Mexico[<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref1">1</reflink>] and Colombia.[<reflink idref="bib2" id="ref2">2</reflink>] This truism has led, in some developing countries, to the promotion of technical education in the hope of boosting entrepreneurship and industrialisation, as has been explored in Colombian history in the works of several authors, the main ones being Alberto Mayor Mora,[<reflink idref="bib3" id="ref3">3</reflink>] who has dedicated part of his research production to the history of technique and technology in our country, although he has focused more on the culture and performance of craftsmen and the preparation for the exercise of arts and crafts than on engineering and industry itself; Marcelo Riveros,[<reflink idref="bib4" id="ref4">4</reflink>] whose work has been dedicated to the history of engineering in Colombia, in general, and chemical engineering, in particular, and who has also contributed to the recognition of women pioneers in engineering in this country[<reflink idref="bib5" id="ref5">5</reflink>]; Aline Helg,[<reflink idref="bib6" id="ref6">6</reflink>] with her work on education in Colombia in the period of interest of this paper; and Frank Safford,[<reflink idref="bib7" id="ref7">7</reflink>] who, in his research work, especially in the classic book <emph>The Ideal of the Practical</emph> proposed an analysis of the evolution of engineering studies and the performance of engineers in Colombia, in relation to economic development and the ups and downs of industrialisation between the mid-nineteenth century and the mid-twentieth century. Safford's work has a general and encyclopaedic character, to the point that the author himself did not hesitate to describe it as "an interpretative panoramic vision"[<reflink idref="bib8" id="ref8">8</reflink>] and suggested study routes that concentrate on particular regions and periods, as the present work attempts to do. At the international level, similar issues have been addressed, for other latitudes and countries, by authors such as Solares;[<reflink idref="bib9" id="ref9">9</reflink>] Beatty,[<reflink idref="bib10" id="ref10">10</reflink>] who developed research related to engineering and technology education and practice in Mexico, and its relation to industrialisation and corporative management in that country; Ruiz-Larraguivel,[<reflink idref="bib11" id="ref11">11</reflink>] who, for the same country, focused on technological education; and Shinn,[<reflink idref="bib12" id="ref12">12</reflink>] who published an interesting essay about the relation of the development of education systems to industrial performance in six developed countries.</p> <p>From the point of view of other related disciplines, studies on business history in Colombia have contributed multiple reflections on the origin and trajectories of various productive sectors. In these studies, the relationship between education and entrepreneurial activity has not been the main focus of the research.[<reflink idref="bib13" id="ref13">13</reflink>]</p> <p>As Solares correctly remarks, conventional narrative " ... often assumes [that] technical expertise exists as a capacity readily hired in the market, in discrete, impersonal units labelled 'engineers,' technicians or scientists ... Technical expertise, embodied in engineers, is often relegated to merely that – a technical input hired by managers in the market and internalized within the firm, employed across divisions – and has been relatively invisible in histories of the modern corporation and the rise of corporate management. Consequently, engineers' role in management history remains poorly understood."[<reflink idref="bib14" id="ref14">14</reflink>] We would say, not just in management history, but in business and education history as well. This is more evident in historical narratives of countries of the global south, such as Latin American and Caribbean countries. In the history of education in Colombia, the question for engineering education has been of moderate interest and with very general perspectives on relevant changes in educational projects according to the ideological orientations of governments and the challenges of infrastructure, exploitation of natural resources and industrialisation.[<reflink idref="bib15" id="ref15">15</reflink>] This is the case with the beginnings of the Chemistry programme at UPB, in the context of a society that, from 1930 onwards, would experience a very rapid industrialisation in the context of the Great Depression and import substitution,[<reflink idref="bib16" id="ref16">16</reflink>] requiring professionals for heat transfer, solids handling, distillation, refrigeration, metallurgy, water treatment, combustion, spinning and weaving, cooking, high pressure steam, measuring instrument handling and other areas.[<reflink idref="bib17" id="ref17">17</reflink>]</p> <p>That is why, in the present paper, we try to contribute to the discussion on the beginnings of higher education in chemical engineering in Colombia, and its relationship with regional and national industrial development. The specific question to which our research seeks to contribute is what is, from a historical perspective, the relationship between chemical engineering education and business development in Colombia? Possibly because this topic has not been explored much in our country or in Latin America, we have not found comparable works in other contexts within the region. This study offers an example of mediation between educational training, especially in chemical engineering, and business links in a city that, like Medellín, led the process of industrialisation in Colombia. The trend is that, clearly, the professionals who graduated from this UPB educational programme in their first groups of graduates were linked to procedural management in certain basic industries in the secondary sector of the economy (textiles, processed food, ceramics), which required the appropriation and application of this scientific and technical knowledge. The data shown here reveal a strong relationship between the training project and the productive reality of Medellín and other industrial environments in the country.</p> <p>In support of this discussion, the economic and cultural background and the academic and social nature of the educational project of the Faculty of Industrial Chemistry of the Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana (UPB), located in the city of Medellín, Colombia, in the period under study are presented; afterwards, a detailed review is made of the contribution of the programme and its graduates to the industrial development of the Antioquia region (Colombia), of which Medellín is the capital city, as well as the country in general, from the end of the 1930s until the 1960s. The historical research carried out has been supported both by specialised bibliography and by various documentary sources from local and national archives and notaries' offices.</p> <p>The methodology used, mainly qualitative and interpretative, aims to provide a broad understanding of a social fact such as an educational project and to reveal its intentions and scope. And, after that, to demonstrate the ways in which some elements of regulation of training in an area of scientific knowledge of a professional subject were defined in terms of its social articulation to the business development of Medellín in the mid-twentieth century, given that the research in primary sources allowed us to identify the presence of graduates of the first cohorts of the academic programme in various industrial sectors in Antioquia, a region recognised nationally for its leadership in the development of this type of organisation.</p> <p>The first part of the paper deals with the economic and cultural background of chemical engineering in Colombia, and it is intended to introduce the reader to the context of our work. Secondly, a particular account is given of the establishment of the Industrial Chemistry programme at the Pontificia Bolivariana University, our case study. After that, we analyse the relationship between the industrial development of our region and the aforementioned programme, specifically in its early days. At the end we offer our concluding remarks and provide suggestions for future work.</p> <hd id="AN0184444360-3">Economic and Cultural Background of Chemical Engineering in Colombia</hd> <p>The social consideration of professions associated with technology in Colombia has changed over time. In the colonial period, traditional social values considered manual trades as "vile," and their exercise undermined the social position of those who practised them.[<reflink idref="bib18" id="ref18">18</reflink>] In the decades immediately following the country's independence, administrative disorganisation, the country's geographical difficulties and the weight of traditional values made it impossible, in practice, for the government, to promote industrialisation and the necessary education of the nationals called upon to sustain it. This situation was alleviated at different times by importing, with varying degrees of success, foreign technical professionals, engineers and teachers. Metallurgical work and mining, fields in which chemistry as a discipline has a wide variety of applications, gave rise to some of the best documented cases of the participation of foreign technicians, workers, craftsmen and engineers in companies in the sector, as well as the training of the first Colombian nationals in specialised and complex technical tasks, such as those required in smelting and the operation of blast furnaces.[<reflink idref="bib19" id="ref19">19</reflink>]</p> <p>It should be noted, however, that the proportions of foreign technicians and teachers who arrived in Colombia between the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century did not reach the levels that other Latin American countries such as Brazil, Argentina, Chile and Mexico showed.[<reflink idref="bib20" id="ref20">20</reflink>]</p> <p>Throughout the nineteenth century, the Colombian government presented weakness and political disorganisation that continued imposing all sorts of obstacles on the strengthening of education in general, which, above all in its technical and utilitarian aspects, was seen as an essential tool to strengthen the emerging democracy, not only in Colombia but in all Latin American countries.[<reflink idref="bib21" id="ref21">21</reflink>] At the end of the century (1875), 275 engineers were registered throughout the Colombian territory, of which 136 were located in the territory of Panama, at that time a constituent part of the country, but which less than 30 years later got detached from Colombia in the context of a political and economic situation associated with the imminent construction of the inter-oceanic canal. The total number of engineers counted in 1875 implied a total of just under one engineer for every 10,000 inhabitants, since at that time the total population was estimated at just over 2,900,000.[<reflink idref="bib22" id="ref22">22</reflink>] It is worth noting that many of the engineers listed in the census were foreigners, or, if they were nationals, they were certainly not trained in the country, since the initiatives for higher education in industrial engineering during the nineteenth century were only incipient and, in general, short-lived, such as, for example, the Military College of Bogotá, which had three brief periods of activity: 1848–1854, 1866–1867 and 1883–1885. It is possible to mention some schools of the period that had greater continuity, and are still active today, such as the Engineering School of the National University in Bogotá (1870) and the National Mining School in Medellín (1887). These institutions, although they represented great advances in that society, which gradually found new ideals of development in scientific and technical knowledge, were insufficient to place the country in an adequate position to meet the technical needs, not only for the construction of infrastructure, but also for industrialisation.[<reflink idref="bib23" id="ref23">23</reflink>]</p> <p>In the Antioquia region, in the mid and late nineteenth century, two main economic processes marked the region's vocation: on the one hand, gold development promoted by the region's wealth in the metal, which had been exploited even since pre-colonial times, and, on the other, the desired transition towards the industrialisation of the production of manufactured goods. The first process was taking place in rural areas, although its economic effects were mainly felt in urban centres. The second was mainly linked to the latter and was fuelled, to an appreciable extent, precisely by the wealth injected into the regional economy by gold mining. At the end of the century, coffee production, boosted by the growing international coffee trade, also contributed to regional development on the basis of foreign exchange earnings, but the processes initially referred to, gold mining and the development of manufacturing industries, are of greater interest in the context of this work, as they required, in a more obvious way, the use of chemical knowledge and expert personnel in that use. For example, the development of gold mining in the middle and end of that century directly led to the installation of the first chemical laboratories in Antioquia.[<reflink idref="bib24" id="ref24">24</reflink>]</p> <p>In terms of industrialisation, the Escuela de Artes y Oficios de Medellín, founded in 1869 and predecessor of the aforementioned Escuela Nacional de Minas, was a pioneering institution in the education of artisans, not only technically but also morally, which served as a basis for the professionalisation of their trades in the face of the changes demanded by the city's factories.[<reflink idref="bib25" id="ref25">25</reflink>] In the curricula of this institution there is evidence of training in chemical knowledge since the 1870s.[<reflink idref="bib26" id="ref26">26</reflink>] During the same period, advances in pasteurisation and sanitisation processes began to be applied in Antioquia, with chemical studies finding another front for training and application.[<reflink idref="bib27" id="ref27">27</reflink>]</p> <p>The period of peace that began in 1904, after the separation of Panama and the Thousand Days' War, and lasted, in the absence of widespread conflict, until 1948, saw an atmosphere of prosperity that favoured developmental and educational projects. It is important to mention that the Colombian economy found a new lease of life in the expansion of foreign trade in coffee.[<reflink idref="bib28" id="ref28">28</reflink>] Roads were built and rail networks laid at an unprecedented rate. Air transport was also introduced; SCADTA, the Sociedad Colombo Alemana de Transporte Aéreo, a pioneer of civil aviation in Latin America, provided service from 1920 with a view to integrating the remote regions of the country. The existence of these new means of transport in turn favoured internal trade, exports and the incipient industrialisation of many regions, especially around Medellín and Bogotá.</p> <p>The Great Depression of the 1930s caused Colombia's import capacity to fall, due to the decline in the purchase of luxury goods, such as coffee, on international markets and, additionally, the widespread shortage of inputs from Europe and the United States in the lead up to the Second World War forced their domestic production. All these factors led to the flourishing of domestic manufacturing.[<reflink idref="bib29" id="ref29">29</reflink>] From that moment on, the economic sector was faced with the need for engineers specialised in areas such as electricity, chemistry and mechanics, which were necessary for the new industrialisation initiatives. The National University would have been the first to address this need, but, with the exception of some initiatives in military engineering, industrial engineering, astronomy and geodesy, which were unsuccessful, partly due to lack of funds and teachers, and the incorporation of new technologies in the curricula of traditional engineering (civil and military), there was no frequency or strength in the proposals for higher technical, scientific and industrial engineering training in the first quarter of the twentieth century. Rather, it is evident that the focus of general (civil and mining) engineering training in that institution was broadened to include subjects dedicated to the technologies required in industry, such as electricity[<reflink idref="bib30" id="ref30">30</reflink>] and chemistry.[<reflink idref="bib31" id="ref31">31</reflink>]</p> <p>In later years, the National University began to alleviate these difficulties by resolutely recruiting foreign professors with the help of Colombian diplomats in countries such as Spain, France and Germany.[<reflink idref="bib32" id="ref32">32</reflink>] This process was facilitated by the urgency imposed on many academics by the recurrent religious and racial persecutions in the Old Continent that were the prolegomena of the Second World War. Meanwhile, institutions in the provinces, such as the Universidad Católica Bolivariana, UCB (the name at the time of today's Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, UPB), or the Universidad del Cauca, in the south of the country, produced the first successful projects in the creation of study programmes specialising in the industrial sector in the mid-1930s.[<reflink idref="bib33" id="ref33">33</reflink>]</p> <hd id="AN0184444360-4">Establishment of the Industrial Chemistry Programme of the Pontificia Bolivariana University</hd> <p>Higher education in chemical engineering is part of a broader set of what we will call here "engineering education." Within the framework of this work, given its historical character, it is important to establish a definition for this concept, since in the period of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries it was a notion under construction[<reflink idref="bib34" id="ref34">34</reflink>] which intertwined, especially in Latin American countries, with that of "technical education." Even today, there is no rigorous consensus on the definition of the concept of "engineering education," although initiatives have been proposed to standardise it.[<reflink idref="bib35" id="ref35">35</reflink>] Therefore, for the purposes of our work, we propose to understand "engineering education" in the sense of professional training in knowledge with a high practical component, applied to the solution of real problems, and supported by scientific and mathematical disciplines.</p> <p>It should be noted that, in the field of chemistry, a distinction is traditionally made between chemistry as a scientific, theoretical or applied discipline, known as pure chemistry, and industrial chemistry, which "took particular cases of chemical industries and studied the sequence of processes that allowed the transformation of raw materials into products, i.e. it studied the chemical transformation process as an entity in itself, but not the principles of the individual operations that constituted these processes."[<reflink idref="bib36" id="ref36">36</reflink>] It is from the latter and its scientific study with a view to its application to industrial production environments that we understand what we mean by Chemical Engineering.</p> <p>The inhabitants of the Colombian region of Antioquia have enjoyed, especially at the time in question, a reputation, almost always justified, of possessing a mentality inclined to extol work as a means to fulfilment in life, which, combined with a certain inclination to adopt and generate technical innovations in the context of a society which, at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century, was noted for its religiosity, created a very favourable environment for a Catholic educational institution, through a pedagogical activity duly channelled towards the practical and the technical,[<reflink idref="bib37" id="ref37">37</reflink>] the one that proposed the first industrially focused engineering programme in Colombia, Chemical Engineering at the Universidad Católica Bolivariana (UCB) (today Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, UPB).[<reflink idref="bib38" id="ref38">38</reflink>]</p> <p>Despite the broad support that religious congregations enjoyed for being in charge of a large part of the educational institutions, both basic and higher, during the so-called Conservative Hegemony, a period of conservative governments that lasted half a century and ended in 1930, during the 1920s an educational reform was developed that incorporated pedagogical innovations and approach, amidst the widespread perception that traditional education was one of the factors preventing the effective modernisation of the country.[<reflink idref="bib39" id="ref39">39</reflink>] The ideas inspiring the reform included many secular and liberal elements, even though the government remained conservative. The reaction of the traditionalist sectors prevented the consolidation of the reforms proposed in the 1920s, which could only begin to be implemented during the 1930s, when there was a political change and the Conservative Hegemony ended. Part of the pressures that led to these changes in education originated in the university reform movement that had taken place in Cordoba, Argentina, in 1919, and which echoed throughout the continent.[<reflink idref="bib40" id="ref40">40</reflink>] The changes and establishments of new educational institutions within the framework of the reform permeated all levels of education, from primary to university level. The Church viewed the new educational policies and the new liberal government with suspicion. It was in this context that the UCB emerged in 1936 as an alternative for Catholic teachers, professors and students who did not feel that their work was adequately protected by the official universities of the time, such as the School of Mines and the University of Antioquia.[<reflink idref="bib41" id="ref41">41</reflink>]</p> <p>Although the first professional career taught at UCB since its foundation in 1936 was Law,[<reflink idref="bib42" id="ref42">42</reflink>] quite distant from the technical aspect, it is worth noting the timely reading of the needs of the context that the nascent institution had when, in August 1937, Juan Luis Consuegra de la Cruz, a Spanish chemistry expert who worked as an engineer at Inquico,[<reflink idref="bib43" id="ref43">43</reflink>] a chemical company with headquarters in Medellín and German capital,[<reflink idref="bib44" id="ref44">44</reflink>] and professor of chemistry at the aforementioned School of Mines for some time, proposed the basic guidelines for a programme of Industrial Chemistry,[<reflink idref="bib45" id="ref45">45</reflink>] which began to operate in 1938, becoming the first chemical engineering programme in Colombia.</p> <p>Table 1 shows the first syllabus of the new programme, proposed by the aforementioned Juan Luis Consuegra and presented to the Economic Board of the UCB on 17 August 1937, according to the minutes of the 96th meeting of that organisation.[<reflink idref="bib46" id="ref46">46</reflink>]</p> <p>Table 1. Proposed programme for Chemical Engineering at UCB in 1937.</p> <p> <ephtml> <table><thead><tr><td>Year 1</td><td>Year 2</td><td>Year 3</td><td>Year 4</td><td>Year 5</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Superior Algebra</td><td>Analytic Geometry</td><td>Applied Mechanics</td><td>Electrotechnics</td><td>Chemical Industrial and Statistical Technology</td></tr><tr><td>Trigonometry and Topography</td><td>Differential and Integral Calculus</td><td>Magnetism and Electricity</td><td>Organic Industrial Chemistry and Practices</td><td>Organic Chemical Analysis and Practices</td></tr><tr><td>Natural History</td><td>Descriptive Geometry</td><td>Thermodynamics</td><td>Electrochemistry and Electrometallurgy</td><td>Physical Chemistry</td></tr><tr><td>General Physics</td><td>General Mechanics</td><td>Chemical Analysis and Practices</td><td>Thermotechnics</td><td>Industrial Railways</td></tr><tr><td>General Chemistry</td><td>Inorganic Industrial Chemistry and Practices</td><td>Metallurgics and Practices</td><td>Industrial Construction and Arquitecture</td><td>Economics Politics and Social Legislation </td></tr><tr><td /><td>Industrial Drawing</td><td>Industrial Drawing 2</td><td>Projects Drawing</td><td>Industrial Hygiene</td></tr><tr><td /><td /><td /><td /><td>Projects</td></tr></tbody></table> </ephtml> </p> <p>It is interesting to note that this plan has many similarities with the training plan for chemical experts of the Industrial School of Terrassa (Spain), in effect at the time when Juan Luis Consuegra studied, according to the "Statistical Report" of the 1927–1928 academic year of the Industrial School of Terrassa, enacted by Royal Decree of 16 December 1910 and published in the Madrid Gazette of 28 December of the same year.[<reflink idref="bib47" id="ref47">47</reflink>]</p> <p>This plan shows the emphasis, which is still a constant in engineering today, on mathematics and basic sciences, especially in the first and second years of study. In the second year, subjects related to industrial chemistry were covered and laboratory practice began. In the last two years, the inclusion of subjects that are not usually part of a chemical engineering programme today, such as Industrial Construction and Architecture, and Industrial Railways, is striking. The inclusion of these subjects is evidence of the link that industrial engineering education still retained with what had been, until then, the engineering par excellence, civil and mining engineering. The origins of the profession in Antioquia, closely associated, as we have seen, with the needs arising from the exploitation of mines and the processing of minerals, are evident in subjects such as Metallurgy and Electrometallurgy. The great emphasis placed on Industrial Drawing and its relationship with the Project proposal is striking. This is understandable given the importance at that time of the ability to manually represent prototype ideas graphically, and the fact that the performance of a chemical engineer at that time was not unrelated to the need to create production plants, laboratories and equipment prototypes.</p> <p>This syllabus shows an academic effort focused on technical training and scientific knowledge, but, at the same time, it suggests that, at the time, the interest in qualifying for entrepreneurship and company formation was not yet clear, and there was a more pronounced focus on the scientific and technical aspects of the profession and some elements of organisational management. That is, training to professionalise in scientific and practical matters of chemical knowledge rather than to stimulate the spirit of entrepreneurship or business creation. This was reflected, as will be seen, in the fact that, in the years following the graduation of the first chemical engineers from UCB, most of them occupied positions, often managerial, within the industry already established in the city, rather than becoming founders of new companies.</p> <p>The proposal for the new programme was well received by Medellín society and has continued to the present day. Figure 1 shows an advertisement that appeared on Sunday 6 February in El Colombiano,[<reflink idref="bib48" id="ref48">48</reflink>] a newspaper with a long conservative tradition in Medellín, and which is still published today.</p> <p>Graph: Figure 1. Advertisement for the opening of the Faculty of Industrial Chemistry, published in El Colombiano, a Medellín newspaper, on Sunday 6 February 1938.</p> <hd id="AN0184444360-5">Population and Industry and the Programme of Industrial Chemistry of UCB</hd> <p>By the middle of the twentieth century, Colombia had four centres of industrial development: Bogotá, Barranquilla, Cali and Medellín; and in each of them there were consumer goods, intermediate goods and capital goods sectors, although in Medellín there was a greater presence of food, textile and garment industries that demanded chemical know-how and more intensive techniques. Medellín evolved into an urban and industrial environment that brought it national recognition for its growing productive vocation.[<reflink idref="bib49" id="ref49">49</reflink>] In the mingling of new and accelerated demographic and economic realities, the question for the educational offer was how to articulate these social changes; in particular for this study, it is interesting to analyse whether it would make sense to train chemical engineers in this context. A look at the urban and industrial growth of the city allows us to correlate that companies required professionals for the management of chemical processes of various kinds. This also explains that the applied emphasis of knowledge in this area was preponderant. More than research or company trainers, engineers capable of procedural management, professionals in the full sense of the term, were needed at the time.</p> <hd id="AN0184444360-6">Medellin, Urban Centre of Antioquia</hd> <p>In the mid-twentieth century, between the late 1930s and the 1960s, the period when the UCB Faculty of Chemical Engineering was founded and the first Colombian chemical engineers graduated, the country's economy was undergoing a transition from its first cycle of industrialisation to a modernisation driven by measures that attempted to consolidate capitalist relations of production. This transition was rather bumpy and took place in a highly risky environment for investment.[<reflink idref="bib50" id="ref50">50</reflink>] The impacts of the economic crisis of 1929, and, later, the events of the Second World War, were the international context in which this process took place. These circumstances meant certain trade restrictions and led to a macroeconomic policy in Colombia that was protectionist in nature towards national industry. This policy was reinforced in the 1950s with an import substitution model designed to strengthen the production of goods and supplies at the national level.[<reflink idref="bib51" id="ref51">51</reflink>] At the same time, the country was consolidating its coffee economy and, as a result, it favoured a domestic market with purchasing power that demanded new consumer goods and services.[<reflink idref="bib52" id="ref52">52</reflink>] Simultaneously, with the impulse coming from these economic processes, reinforced by the appearance of political phenomena that caused an increase in violence and insecurity in rural areas, the country moved towards urbanisation at an accelerated pace, so that the proportions of rural and urban population were practically reversed in the period between 1938 and 1973 (see Figure 2).</p> <p>Graph: Figure 2. Urban and rural population in Colombia 1938–1973. Source: Colombia. National Population Census 1938–1973.[<reflink idref="bib53" id="ref53">53</reflink>]</p> <p>In particular, Medellín, throughout the twentieth century, became the most important urban centre in the central-western region of the country, and it is worth noting that, by the mid-1960s, around a third of the inhabitants of the department of Antioquia resided in this city (see Table 2). This urban transformation, motivated (among other factors) by the city's accelerated industrialisation process, was the result of a considerable migratory process from the towns in the neighbouring regions of the Aburrá valley and its core municipality, Medellín.[<reflink idref="bib54" id="ref54">54</reflink>]</p> <p>Table 2. Population growth in Medellín 1883–1973.</p> <p> <ephtml> <table><thead><tr><td /><td>Inhabitants</td></tr><tr><td>1883</td><td>1905</td><td>1912</td><td>1918</td><td>1928</td><td>1938</td><td>1951</td><td>1964</td><td>1973</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Medellín</td><td>37.237</td><td>54.946</td><td>71.004</td><td>79.146</td><td>120.044</td><td>168.266</td><td>358.189</td><td>772.887</td><td>1,077.252</td></tr><tr><td>Antioquia</td><td>464.887</td><td>661.389</td><td>740.937</td><td>823.226</td><td>1,011.324</td><td>1,188.587</td><td>1,570.197</td><td>2,477.299</td><td>2,965.116</td></tr><tr><td>% Population</td><td><bold>8.0</bold></td><td><bold>8.3</bold></td><td><bold>9.6</bold></td><td><bold>9.6</bold></td><td><bold>11.9</bold></td><td><bold>14.2</bold></td><td><bold>22.8</bold></td><td><bold>31.2</bold></td><td><bold>36.3</bold></td></tr></tbody></table> </ephtml> </p> <hd id="AN0184444360-7">Industrial Epicentre</hd> <p>The panorama of the First Industrial Census of the country, carried out in 1945, shows a strong presence of companies, among other sectors, in the textile and leather industries, oils and fats, foods, and the chemical and pharmaceutical industries themselves.[<reflink idref="bib55" id="ref55">55</reflink>] For the chemical industry, in particular, the diagnosis is that in Colombia for that year, it:</p> <p>[...] accounted for 28.3% of the intermediate goods sector, but was made up of the simpler industries, such as ordinary soap (46.6%), toilet soap (5.3%) and matches (6.6%). Pharmaceuticals accounted for 34.5% of the cluster, but in simple "mixing of imported products and packaging."</p> <p>The higher technology clusters, such as non-metallic minerals (24.9%), petroleum products (11.5%) and rubber (3.1%), were less important than the advanced industries in the consumer goods sector. In non-metallic minerals, cement and its products, glass and glassware and ceramics stood out with 78.1% of the grouping: backward industries, such as the manufacture of tiles and bricks, 19.7%. The second was petroleum refineries. Rubber comprised, above all, retreading and tyre manufacturing.[<reflink idref="bib56" id="ref56">56</reflink>]</p> <p>In the case of Antioquia, and its capital Medellín, the industrial panorama showed that this region participated in the national context "with 81.4% of production in consumer goods and of this 58.1% in food, textiles and clothing."[<reflink idref="bib57" id="ref57">57</reflink>] In general, the city concentrated a large part of the industrial and economic growth. From the beginning of the twentieth century, spinning, weaving, clothing and, in general, the textile industry, was added to the group of the main drivers of economic development and, in fact, it became one of the main centres of textile production in Colombia.[<reflink idref="bib58" id="ref58">58</reflink>] This phenomenon helped to mark the transition from agrarian, mining and commercial capitalism to industrial capitalism in the early and mid-twentieth century. The founding of textile companies such as Coltejer (1907), Fabricato (1920) and others related to this process.[<reflink idref="bib59" id="ref59">59</reflink>] These textile companies and others, mainly in Medellín, but also in Bogotá, Armenia and Barranquilla, became, as will be seen below, niches of employability for UCB Chemical Engineering graduates.</p> <p>The Industrial Census revealed the preponderance of employment and capital investment in the textile industry in Medellín, but it also revealed the presence of an industry that revolved around the chemical industry and which already accounted for 2.5% of those employed in the city (see Table 3). This is a scenario that offered conditions for the insertion of professionals both in the chemical industry itself and in other industries that applied chemistry, such as food and beverages, ceramics and textiles (see Table 4). In those years, companies such as Fabricato, which was in the process of technological updating and was buying state-of-the-art machinery, both North American and European, required chemical knowledge for the industrial process of finishing fabrics, in which special treatments were applied to offer quality products.[<reflink idref="bib60" id="ref60">60</reflink>]</p> <p>Table 3. Industrial composition of Medellín.</p> <p> <ephtml> <table><thead><tr><td>Sectors</td><td>Employees</td><td>Budget (pesos)</td></tr><tr><td>#</td><td>%</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Foods</td><td>2,151</td><td>9.2</td><td>7,161,065</td></tr><tr><td>Beverages</td><td>459</td><td>2.0</td><td>3,026,800</td></tr><tr><td>Tobacco</td><td>1,041</td><td>4.4</td><td>6,833,538</td></tr><tr><td>Textiles</td><td>10,989</td><td>46.9</td><td>30,096,242</td></tr><tr><td>Clothing manufacturing</td><td>1,432</td><td>6.1</td><td>5,787,318</td></tr><tr><td>Leather</td><td>930</td><td>4.0</td><td>1,118,233</td></tr><tr><td>Wood</td><td>1,160</td><td>5.0</td><td>1,559,774</td></tr><tr><td>Paper</td><td>37</td><td>0.2</td><td>36,800</td></tr><tr><td>Graphic arts</td><td>1,151</td><td>4.9</td><td>2,242,745</td></tr><tr><td>Chemistry and Pharmaceuticals</td><td>581</td><td>2.5</td><td>3,627,424</td></tr><tr><td>Rubber</td><td>50</td><td>0.2</td><td>89,000</td></tr><tr><td>Non-metallic minerals</td><td>1,519</td><td>6.5</td><td>5,091,093</td></tr><tr><td>Metallurgic and Machinery</td><td>1,592</td><td>6.8</td><td>7,315,338</td></tr><tr><td>Precision Instruments</td><td>232</td><td>1.0</td><td>427,827</td></tr><tr><td>Other Industries</td><td>98</td><td>0.4</td><td>65,341</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>23,422</td><td>100</td><td>74,478,538</td></tr></tbody></table> </ephtml> </p> <p>1 Source: First Industrial Census (1945).</p> <p>Table 4. Chemical engineers graduated from UPB linked to the textile, ceramics and food and beverage sectors (1963).</p> <p> <ephtml> <table><thead><tr><td>Business sector</td><td>Business Name</td><td>City</td><td>Graduate Name</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Food and Beverages</td><td>Bavaria S.A.</td><td>Pereira</td><td>Correa Bastidas, Gabriel</td></tr><tr><td>Santa Marta</td><td>Cortés Cortés, Diego</td></tr><tr><td>Bogotá</td><td>Medina Gómez, Mario</td></tr><tr><td>Villavicencio</td><td>Vélez Arzoaga, Lázaro</td></tr><tr><td>Barranquilla</td><td>Vélez Ruiz, León Jairo</td></tr><tr><td>Cervecería Unión</td><td>Medellín</td><td>Galindo Herrera, Guillermo; Hoyos Hoyos, Héctor; Restrepo Sierra, Eustorgio; Uribe Vélez, Carlos</td></tr><tr><td>Consorcio de Cervecería Bavaria</td><td>Bogotá</td><td>Botero Botero, Guillermo; Cabal Plaza, Fabio;</td></tr><tr><td>Bucaramanga</td><td>González Angel, Ariel</td></tr><tr><td>Armenia</td><td>Henao Mejía, Luis Eduardo</td></tr><tr><td>Cali</td><td>Sáenz Uribe, Enrique</td></tr><tr><td>Villavicencio</td><td>Zapata Osorio, Roberto</td></tr><tr><td>Fábrica de Licores</td><td>Cali</td><td>Vivas, León Alfredo</td></tr><tr><td>Fábrica Levapan</td><td>Tulua, Valle</td><td>Caicedo González, Antonio J.</td></tr><tr><td>Industrias Alimenticias "La Constancia"</td><td>Bucaramanga</td><td>Martínez Villalba, Lelio</td></tr><tr><td>Ingenio oriente</td><td>Palmira</td><td>Chavarro Rivera, Luis Enrique</td></tr><tr><td>Maizena</td><td>Cali</td><td>Dorronsoro, Hernán</td></tr><tr><td>Malterias Unidas</td><td>Bogotá</td><td>Botero Ramírez, Uriel</td></tr><tr><td>Ceramics</td><td>Cerámica Sabaneta</td><td>Medellín</td><td>Aguirre Restrepo, Carlos E; Montoya, Luis F.</td></tr><tr><td>Ceramita S.A.</td><td>Medellín</td><td>Jaramillo Restrepo, Rodrigo</td></tr><tr><td>Colcerámica</td><td>Bogotá</td><td>Soto Giraldo, Aurelio</td></tr><tr><td>Distribuidora Corona</td><td>Bogotá</td><td>Cadavid Gonima, Hernán</td></tr><tr><td>Erecos S.A.</td><td>Medellín</td><td>Roldán Vélez, Virgilio</td></tr><tr><td>Locería Colombiana S.A.</td><td>Medellín</td><td>Harry Hinestrosa, Carlos; Londoño Restrepo, Hernán; Muñoz Castaño, Alonso; Ortiz Sierra, Marta; Restrepo Restrepo, Ramiro; Rodríguez Castaño, Jorge Iván; Sierra Mesa, Pablo; Velásquez Ochoa, Alvaro; Yepes Yépes, Jorge Iván; Zapata Villegas, Francisco</td></tr><tr><td>Textile</td><td>Almacen Everfit</td><td>Bogotá</td><td>Bustamante Madrid, Gilberto</td></tr><tr><td>Calcetería Pepalfa S.A.</td><td>Medellín</td><td>Ossa Gómez, Evelio; Restrepo Hernández, Carlos A.</td></tr><tr><td>Celanese</td><td>Venezuela, Valencia</td><td>Betancourt Jaramillo, Iván</td></tr><tr><td>Celanese Colombiana S.A.</td><td>Barranquilla.</td><td>Cabarcas González, Pedro; Karpf Llanos, Augusto; Serret Martínez, Félix</td></tr><tr><td>Cali</td><td>Castaño García, Rouquet</td></tr><tr><td>Coltejer</td><td>Medellín</td><td>Botero I., Carlos E.; Escobar, Ovidio; Gómez Solazar, Arturo; Jaramillo Solazar, Bernardo; Múnera Osorio, Rodrigo; Pérez Escalante, Álvaro; Valencia Ortiz, Hernando; Vélez, Francisco</td></tr><tr><td>Fábrica de Hilazas "Vanylon" S.A</td><td>Barranquilla</td><td>Chalita Fajel, Roberto</td></tr><tr><td>Fábrica de Paños Vicuña Santa Fe</td><td>Medellín</td><td>Beuth Monsalve, Mario; Galeano Echavarría, Álvaro; Joves Fiallo, José Ignacio; Villegas Rivera, Gilberto; Amaya Villegas, Carlos</td></tr><tr><td>Fabricato</td><td>Medellín</td><td>Arango Geiffenstein, Jose; Arango Paucar, Hernán; Arango Pizano, Augusto; Choperena Ospino, Germán; Morales Naranjo, Luis Carlos; Upegui Quijano, Gloria; Uribe Velásquez, Hernán</td></tr><tr><td>Industrias de Tejidos Indulana</td><td>Medellín</td><td>Obando Navarro, León</td></tr><tr><td>Manufacturas Mayela</td><td>Armenia</td><td>Gómez Gómez, Gustavo</td></tr><tr><td>Pantex</td><td>Medellín</td><td>Arango Chamorro, José Miguel</td></tr><tr><td>Sedalana</td><td>Bogotá</td><td>Barac S., Idel</td></tr><tr><td>Tejicondor</td><td>Medellín</td><td>González Restrepo, Álvaro</td></tr><tr><td>Tejidos Marisol S.A.</td><td>Barranquilla</td><td>Ribaldo Caballero, Benjamín</td></tr><tr><td>Tejidos Única S.A.</td><td>Manizales</td><td>Cock Ochoa, Jaime; Jaramillo Estrada, Luis Alberto; Prieto Ocampo, Luis; Restrepo Zuleta, Ramón; Velásquez Morales, Juan de J.</td></tr><tr><td>Textiles Miratex</td><td>Bogotá</td><td>Artunduaga Paredes, Hernando</td></tr><tr><td>Tintorería Indal. Cristal Ltda.</td><td>Bogotá</td><td>Villegas Cardona, Octavio</td></tr></tbody></table> </ephtml> </p> <p>2 Source: Integral Industrial Magazine. Medellín, UPB. N° 13, September 1963. pp. 57–59.</p> <hd id="AN0184444360-8">UCB Chemical Engineers and Their Professional Careers</hd> <p>An interview with the rector of the UCB, Félix Henao Botero, towards the end of 1948, already presented some figures on the impact of the training of chemical engineers on the industrial development of the Medellín area and was illustrated with Figure 3, reproduced here. In the interview, published in the 16 September 1948 issue of La Defensa, another of the city's traditionally conservative newspapers, now disappeared, one could read: "[...] in the Medellín Valley alone there are 42 chemicals in place, used in Antioquia's industries with visible effectiveness."[<reflink idref="bib61" id="ref61">61</reflink>]</p> <p>Graph: Figure 3. Advertising Faculty of Chemistry UPB 1948. Source: La Defensa. Credit to the Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana. 16 September 1948, p. 4.</p> <p>In 1963, in its account of 25 years of the foundation of the UPB Chemical Engineering programme, the magazine "Integral Industrial" presents a management report and describes the registration of 231 graduates in 21 promotions. In this database there is a list of the workplaces of 228 of them. Two of the four female graduates to date have no employment record, and one graduate has no reference. Six worked abroad (two in Europe, two in Venezuela, one in Brazil and one in Central America). One hundred and nine worked in other cities in the country. In other words, less than half of the total of these graduates (<reflink idref="bib113" id="ref62">113</reflink>) worked in Medellín (48.9%). This means that the impact of the training had already transcended the region and could be said to be national in scope (see Table 4).</p> <p>The training of these engineers was aimed fundamentally at the application of basic principles of chemistry in industrial developments in a city and a country that required this knowledge in various industrial procedures, especially in sectors such as textiles, ceramics and the food industry, where, according to information in issues 13 and 14 of the Revista Integral Industrial in 1963,[<reflink idref="bib62" id="ref63">62</reflink>] 79 of the UPB's chemical engineers were employed in companies in the city (see Table 4).[<reflink idref="bib63" id="ref64">63</reflink>] Another important group had managed to establish their activities in the sale of chemical products and representation of chemical trading houses (see Table 5 and Figures 4 and 5).</p> <p>Graph: Figure 4. Working cities of graduates of the UPB Faculty of Chemical Engineering, 1963. Source: Integral Industrial Magazine. Medellín, UPB. N° 13, September 1963. pp. 57–69.</p> <p>Graph: Figure 5. Number of chemical engineers graduated from UPB working in different economic sectors (1963). Source: Integral Industrial Magazine. Medellín, UPB. N° 13, September 1963. pp. 57–59.</p> <p>Table 5. Chemical engineers who graduated from UPB, in chemical product companies (1963).</p> <p> <ephtml> <table><thead><tr><td>Business Name</td><td>City</td><td>Graduated Name</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Cabarria Ltda.</td><td>Cali</td><td>Alvarez Vélez, Samuel</td></tr><tr><td>Bogotá</td><td>Hoyos Medina, Leonardo; Lalinde Gómez, Jorge; Villa Restrepo, Martín</td></tr><tr><td>Medellín</td><td>Londoño Mejía, Jaime; Uribe Velásquez, Nolasco</td></tr><tr><td>Centro Químico Industrial</td><td>Medellín</td><td>Atehortua Restrepo, Delio</td></tr><tr><td>Electroquímica colombiana</td><td>Medellín</td><td>Pérez Mejía, Carlos</td></tr><tr><td>Planta de Soda</td><td>Bogotá</td><td>Giraldo Prieto, Oscar; Gómez Zuleta, Carlos José; Herrera Uribe, Ignacio</td></tr><tr><td>Productos Químicos</td><td>Medellín</td><td>Rivera Díaz, Horacio</td></tr><tr><td>Productos químicos "Gamma" Ltda.</td><td>Bogotá</td><td>Hernández Vergara, Okariz</td></tr></tbody></table> </ephtml> </p> <p>3 Source: Integral Industrial Magazine. Medellín, UPB. N° 13, September 1963. pp. 57–59.</p> <p>This information provides additional evidence of the size of the Colombian industrial landscape and the business linkage of the first cohorts of chemical engineers from UCB, which was concentrated in the industrial sector of raw material transformation to meet the growing demand for processed foods, textiles and products for the provision of housing, mainly in the country's urban centres, which were in full formation and consolidation.</p> <p>A case that exemplifies the occupation of graduates from UCB is that of chemical engineer Ignacio Betancourt Arango, who worked in 1963 as a representative of imports of chemical products and raw materials for industry in general (see Figure 6). In this interesting piece of advertising, some of the manufacturing industries that were based in the region can be seen: textiles, paints, graphics and printing, food and beverages, perfumery and, of course, agriculture.</p> <p>Graph: Figure 6. Advertising for the company of UPB Chemical Engineering graduate Ignacio Betancur, a chemical products trader. Source: Integral Industrial Magazine. Medellín, UPB. N° 13, September 1963. p. 4.</p> <p>Although a fundamental characteristic of Chemical Engineering, from which the pioneering UCB programme did not escape, is the direct relationship with laboratory activities (see Figure 7), this did not necessarily impact on the possibilities of graduates' performance in research and development activities. In the first two decades of the programme's operation, research activity was not yet evident as a strong point in the dedication of the graduates, and there are no records of individual patents during this time, but there are some from companies to which these graduates were linked, such as: Imusa, Compañía Colombiana de Tabaco, Urigo Ltda and Locería Colombiana S.A.[<reflink idref="bib64" id="ref65">64</reflink>]</p> <p>Graph: Figure 7. Caricature of a class in the Chemical Engineering laboratory of the UPB, 1946. Source: Integral Industrial Magazine. Medellín, UPB. N° 13, September 1963. p. 10.</p> <p>It would be reasonable to suppose that these engineers participated in the research developments of these companies, but it is also clear that their training had been focused on the application of chemical principles to industry, i.e. a more technical than scientific task, as is also confirmed by the balance of the degree projects carried out up to mid-1963 (see Table 6).</p> <p>Table 6. Degree projects up to June 1963.</p> <p> <ephtml> <table><thead><tr><td>Degree work area</td><td>Number</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Academia</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>Monography</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Industrial processes</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>Chemical technology</td><td>127</td></tr><tr><td><bold>Total</bold></td><td><bold>146</bold></td></tr></tbody></table> </ephtml> </p> <p>4 Source: Revista Integral Industrial. Medellín, UPB. N° 13, September 1963. pp. 51–56.</p> <p>That same year, 1963, there were already 243 graduates of the UPB's Chemical Engineering programme, of whom 40% were employed in industrial and production administration, another 40% in technical and production control, 10% in applied research, 5% as teachers, 3% as consultants and advisors and the remaining 2% in other activities.[<reflink idref="bib65" id="ref66">65</reflink>] There were even companies that offered a high level of employment for these professionals. Those referred to in Table 7 employed 30% of the graduates of the programme.</p> <p>Table 7. Companies with five or more graduates hired from the UPB Faculty of Chemical Engineering.</p> <p> <ephtml> <table><thead><tr><td>Company</td><td>Number of graduates</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Grupo Locería Colombiana</td><td>14</td></tr><tr><td>Bavaria</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><td>Coltejer</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Fabricato</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>Shell</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Cabarría</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Fadales-Sintéticos</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Vicuña</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Grulla</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Calanesse</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Intercol</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>72</td></tr></tbody></table> </ephtml> </p> <p>5 Source: Integral Industrial Magazine. Medellín, UPB. N° 14, October 1963. p. 5.</p> <p>Working in production plants and in technical service to improve existing processes was a more common job for these graduates, as was sales of chemical products. Beyond this place in the company, their leadership in business management would be another visible feature. Some of them held prominent positions in company management, such as Raúl Aguilar Rodas, who served as administrator of Locería Colombiana (1956–1961) and president of the Instituto de Fomento Industrial (IFI), a government entity created in 1940 to promote the country's industrial development.</p> <hd id="AN0184444360-9">Concluding Remarks</hd> <p>The relationship between the training of chemical engineers at the UCB (UPB from 1945 onwards) and the industrial development of the city of Medellín and even of the country has been shown throughout this work. The academic proposal managed to have an impact on various industrial sectors, as strategic as textiles and metalworking. The central issue of this work, i.e. what is, from a historical perspective, the relationship between chemical engineering education and business development in Colombia?, has been addressed, and we found that the emergence of the chemical engineering programme was much more associated with the technical and commercial management of established chemical processes and inputs than with the creation of new companies, innovations or disruptive processes. That, as it turned out, was motivated more by the regional and global economic processes that took place in the first decades of the twentieth century, such as the World Wars, the Big Depression and the emergence of gold and coffee as drivers of the Colombian economy and would certainly have occurred in the presence or absence of national engineers. However, the availability of local engineers improved the technological capacity of the region and contributed to its pre-eminence in terms of industrialisation at the national level. In the first decades of the UPB's Chemical Engineering programme, rather than an education focused on training entrepreneurs or experimental researchers, a training process was identified that aimed to create a professional at the service of the industries already established in the city and who could perform adequately at the levels of production, maintenance and management. This situation would be complemented in the final decades of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century by incorporating more and more competences in research and entrepreneurship.</p> <p>This work is particularly dedicated to the study of the educational and business history of the Antioquia region within Colombia, and uses specific data on the graduates of the Chemical Engineering programme at UCB (now UPB). In future work we hope to expand the search to include data on graduates from other important universities in the region and the country, so that comparative and complementary analyses can be established. In addition, it is possible to work with other branches of industrial applications engineering, such as mechanical and electrical engineering.</p> <p>We also explored some forms of articulation of the history of education, particularly in science and technology, with society, especially with its economic dynamics, and the extent to which they have managed to lead processes of transformation in business and organisational management. In other words, the interest lies in the way in which a society with scientific and technical capacities that are beginning to be formed manages to influence the management of social and economic innovation. This question motivates us to continue exploring historical cases that support the correlation between education in science and technology and the business world. A relationship that may seem obvious, but from which conclusions can be drawn about all its variants and the possibilities of new developments in the impact of an educational project on society.</p> <hd id="AN0184444360-10">Acknowledgements</hd> <p>The authors want to express their gratitude to the kind and diligent staff of the Central Library and the Gestion Documental Department at UPB.</p> <hd id="AN0184444360-11">Disclosure Statement</hd> <p>No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.</p> <ref id="AN0184444360-12"> <title> Notes </title> <blist> <bibl id="bib1" idref="ref1" type="bt">1</bibl> <bibtext> Beatty, <emph>Technology and the Search for Progress in Modern Mexico</emph>, 212–13.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib2" idref="ref2" type="bt">2</bibl> <bibtext> Safford, <emph>El Ideal de Lo Práctico</emph>.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib3" idref="ref3" type="bt">3</bibl> <bibtext> Mayor Mora, <emph>Cabezas Duras y Dedos Inteligentes</emph>; Mayor Mora et al., <emph>Las Escuelas de Artes y Oficios En Colombia, 1860–1960</emph>.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib4" idref="ref4" type="bt">4</bibl> <bibtext> Mejía Umaña and Rojas, "De La Cartografía Local a Las Redes Internacionales de Ingeniería"; Riveros Rojas et al., "Antecedentes, Aparición y Ejercicio Profesional de La Ingeniería Química En Colombia."</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib5" idref="ref5" type="bt">5</bibl> <bibtext> Riveros and Mayor Mora, "Entrevistas a Ingenieros Egresados de La Facultad de Ingeniería."</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib6" idref="ref6" type="bt">6</bibl> <bibtext> Helg, <emph>La Educación En Colombia</emph>.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib7" idref="ref7" type="bt">7</bibl> <bibtext> Safford, <emph>El Ideal de Lo Práctico. El Desafío de Formar Una Élite Técnica y Empresarial En Colombia</emph>; Palacios and Safford, <emph>Historia de Colombia</emph>.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib8" idref="ref8" type="bt">8</bibl> <bibtext> Safford, <emph>El Ideal de Lo Práctico</emph>, 505.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibl id="bib9" idref="ref9" type="bt">9</bibl> <bibtext> Solares and Beatty, "Engineers & Corporate Management, ca 1870–1930."</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Beatty, <emph>Technology and the Search for Progress in Modern Mexico</emph>.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Ruiz-Larraguivel, "La Educación Superior Tecnológica En México."</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Shinn, "The Impact of Research and Education on Industry."</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Dávila, <emph>Empresariado En Colombia</emph>.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Solares and Beatty, "Engineers & Corporate Management, ca 1870–1930," 487.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Torres Sánchez and Salazarz Hurtado, <emph>Introducción a La Historia de La Ingeniería y La Educación En Colombia</emph>, 302.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Jaramillo-Echeverri, Meisel-Roca, and Ramírez-Giraldo, "La Gran Depresión En Colombia."</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Poveda Ramos, <emph>Historia Social de La Ciencia En Colombia</emph>.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Mayor Mora, <emph>Cabezas Duras y Dedos Inteligentes</emph>, 15.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Ibid., 3.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Acevedo Tarazona, "Colombia En El Contexto de Poblamiento y Emigración Española a América," 188.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> "en la Colombia del S. XIX la élite ilustrada trató de introducir una nueva orientación técnica ... el interés declarado de la élite se orientaba más hacia lo práctico, lo técnico y lo productivo, que hacia lo teórico, lo científico y lo intelectual. Si bien no estaban en contra de promover la formación de científicos creativos, su principal preocupación era la de crear un cuerpo de técnicos y empresarios que pudiera ayudarles a ponerse al día, económicamente, con los más avanzados países del mundo occidental" Safford, <emph>El Ideal de Lo Práctico</emph>; Sarria Materón, "La Universidad y El Problema de Lo Moderno."</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Galindo, <emph>Anuario Estadístico de Colombia</emph>, 22.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Safford, <emph>El Ideal de Lo Práctico</emph>.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Botero, "Los Laboratorios de Fundición y Ensaye y Su Papel En El Comercio Del Oro," 55–7.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Álvarez Olivares, "La Escuela de Artes y Oficios de Medellín y La Profesionalización Delos Artesanos," 99.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Ibid., 105.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Márquez Valderrama, "Aspectos de La Irrupción Del Pasterianismo En Antioquia," 29.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Palacios, <emph>Coffee in Colombia, 1850–1970</emph>.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Jaramillo-Echeverri, Meisel-Roca, and Ramírez-Giraldo, "La Gran Depresión En Colombia."</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Poveda Ramos, "La Ingeniería En Colombia."</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Mejía Umaña and Rojas, "De La Cartografía Local a Las Redes Internacionales de Ingeniería," 10.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Silva, "La Inmigración Docente Como Posibilidad Histórica," 172.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Safford, <emph>El Ideal de Lo Práctico</emph>.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Musgrave, "The Definition of Technical Education."</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Cheville, "Defining Engineering Education."</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> "tomaba casos particulares de industrias químicas y estudiaba la secuencia de los procesos que permitían la transformación de materias primas en productos, es decir, estudiaba el proceso químico de transformación como una entidad en sí misma, pero no los principios de las operaciones individuales que constituían dichos procesos." Riveros et al., "Antecedentes, Aparición y Ejercicio Profesional de La Ingeniería Química En Colombia," 8.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Silva, "La Educación En Colombia. 1880–1930," 80.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Riveros et al., "Antecedentes, Aparición y Ejercicio Profesional de La Ingeniería Química En Colombia," 10.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Sarria Materón, "La Universidad y El Problema de Lo Moderno."</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Cancino Troncoso, "El Movimiento de Reforma Universitaria En Córdoba, Argentina, 1918"; Jaramillo Uribe, "La Educación Durante Los Gobiernos Liberales"; Sarria Materón, "La Universidad y El Problema de Lo Moderno."</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Cock Arango, <emph>La Conspiración de 1936 y La Universidad Católica (Hoy Pontificia) Bolivariana</emph>; Sarria Materón, "La Universidad y El Problema de Lo Moderno."</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Lotero, <emph>La Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana</emph>.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Diario El Tiempo, "Dr. Juan Consuegra de La Cruz."</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> United States Congress. Committee on Military Affairs, <emph>Elimination of German Resources of War</emph>, 1038.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Junta Económica de la Universidad Católica Bolivariana, "Actas de La Junta Económica de La Universidad Católica Bolivariana."</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Ibid.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Escuela Industrial y de Ingenieros de Industrias Textiles de Tarrassa, "Curso de 1927 a 1928 – Enseñanza General y Profesional – Plan de Estudios de Diciembre de 1910"; Ministerio de Trabajo Comercio e Industria, "Reglamento de Las Escuelas de Ingenieros Industriales."</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Editores El Colombiano, "Publicidad Ingeniería Química."</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Arango Restrepo, "La Industria En Colombia," 35–57.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Echavarría and Villamizar, <emph>El Proceso Colombiano de Desindustrialización</emph>, 3; Misas, "Los Grupos Industriales y El Desarrollo Colombiano," 118.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Misas, "De La Sustitución de Importaciones a La Apertura Económica," 112–13.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Palacios, <emph>El Café En Colombia 1875–1970</emph>, 465–70.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Gobierno de Colombia, "Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadísticas (DANE)."</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Ramírez Patiño, "Cuando Antioquia Se Volvió Medellín, 1905–1950," 219.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Ospina, <emph>Industria y Protección En Colombia</emph>, 544.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> "[...] significaba el 28.3% del sector de bienes intermedios, pero se componía de las industrias más sencillas, como jabonería ordinaria (46.6%), jabonería de tocador (5.3%) y fósforos (6.6%). Los productos farmacéuticos alcanzaban el 34.5% de la agrupación, pero en simples labores 'de mezcla de productos importados y envase. Las agrupaciones de más alta tecnología, como minerales no metálicos (24.9%), derivados del petróleo (11.5%) y caucho (3.1%), tenían menor importancia que las industrias avanzadas en el sector de bienes de consumo. En minerales no metálicos se destacaban cemento y sus productos, vidrio y cristal y cerámica, con el 78.1% de la agrupación: las industrias atrasadas, como la manufactura de tejas y ladrillos, el 19.7%. Respecto a la segunda, se trataba de las refinerías de petróleo. Caucho comprendía, sobre todo, reencauche y fabricación de llantas." Arango Restrepo, "La Industria En Colombia," 38.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Arango Restrepo, "La Industria En Colombia," 44.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Sánchez, "La Reinvención de Medellín," 196.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Grupo de Historia Empresarial EAFIT, <emph>Fuentes Documentales Para La Historia Empresarial</emph>, 213.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> López, Marulanda, and Velasquez, "Innovación En Infraestructura, Tecnología y Desarrollo Energético," 218–28.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Rincon, "Homenaje a La Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana: Habla Monseñor Felix Henao Botero," 4.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, <emph>Revista Integral Industrial</emph>.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Ibid., 57–9.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Mayor Mora, <emph>Inventos y Patentes En Colombia 1930–2000</emph>, 534–49.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, <emph>Revista Integral Industrial</emph>, 5.</bibtext> </blist> </ref> <ref id="AN0184444360-13"> <title> Bibliography </title> <blist> <bibtext> Acevedo Tarazona, Á. 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" Engineers & Corporate Management, ca 1870–1930: The Invisible Hand Redux." Enterprise & Society 25, no. 2 (2024): 468 – 511. doi: 10.1017/eso.2022.57.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Torres Sánchez, J., and L. A. Salazarz Hurtado. Introducción a La Historia de La Ingeniería y La Educación En Colombia. Bogotá, DC : Universidad Nacional de Colombia – sede Bogotá, D, 2002.</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> United States Congress. Committee on Military Affairs. Elimination of German Resources of War. Washington : U.S. Government Printing Office, 1945. https://books.google.com.co/books?id=le1FAQAAMAAJ&dq=Inquico+Industria+quimica+colombiana&source=gbs_navlinks_s</bibtext> </blist> <blist> <bibtext> Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana. Revista Integral Industrial. Medellín : UPB, 1963.</bibtext> </blist> </ref> <aug> <p>By Marisol Osorio and José R. Álvarez Múnera</p> <p>Reported by Author; Author</p> <p></p> <p>Marisol Osorio Electronic Engineer, Electric Engineer PhD, Titular Professor and researcher at Pontificia Bolivariana University (UPB), ORCID iD. She currently works on the line of History and Philosophy of Science and Technology of the research group in Technology and Innovation Management of the School of Engineering of the UPB of Engineering of the UPB.</p> <p>José R. Álvarez Múnera Social Worker, Doctor in Social Sciences, Associate Professor University of Antioquia (UdeA), ORCID iD. His lines of research are Business History and Rural History of the UdeA Social History Research Group.</p> </aug> <nolink nlid="nl1" bibid="bib10" firstref="ref10"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl2" bibid="bib11" firstref="ref11"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl3" bibid="bib12" firstref="ref12"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl4" bibid="bib13" firstref="ref13"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl5" bibid="bib14" firstref="ref14"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl6" bibid="bib15" firstref="ref15"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl7" bibid="bib16" firstref="ref16"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl8" bibid="bib17" firstref="ref17"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl9" bibid="bib18" firstref="ref18"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl10" bibid="bib19" firstref="ref19"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl11" bibid="bib20" firstref="ref20"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl12" bibid="bib21" firstref="ref21"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl13" bibid="bib22" firstref="ref22"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl14" bibid="bib23" firstref="ref23"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl15" bibid="bib24" firstref="ref24"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl16" bibid="bib25" firstref="ref25"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl17" bibid="bib26" firstref="ref26"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl18" bibid="bib27" firstref="ref27"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl19" bibid="bib28" firstref="ref28"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl20" bibid="bib29" firstref="ref29"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl21" bibid="bib30" firstref="ref30"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl22" bibid="bib31" firstref="ref31"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl23" bibid="bib32" firstref="ref32"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl24" bibid="bib33" firstref="ref33"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl25" bibid="bib34" firstref="ref34"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl26" bibid="bib35" firstref="ref35"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl27" bibid="bib36" firstref="ref36"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl28" bibid="bib37" firstref="ref37"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl29" bibid="bib38" firstref="ref38"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl30" bibid="bib39" firstref="ref39"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl31" bibid="bib40" firstref="ref40"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl32" bibid="bib41" firstref="ref41"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl33" bibid="bib42" firstref="ref42"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl34" bibid="bib43" firstref="ref43"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl35" bibid="bib44" firstref="ref44"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl36" bibid="bib45" firstref="ref45"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl37" bibid="bib46" firstref="ref46"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl38" bibid="bib47" firstref="ref47"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl39" bibid="bib48" firstref="ref48"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl40" bibid="bib49" firstref="ref49"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl41" bibid="bib50" firstref="ref50"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl42" bibid="bib51" firstref="ref51"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl43" bibid="bib52" firstref="ref52"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl44" bibid="bib53" firstref="ref53"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl45" bibid="bib54" firstref="ref54"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl46" bibid="bib55" firstref="ref55"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl47" bibid="bib56" firstref="ref56"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl48" bibid="bib57" firstref="ref57"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl49" bibid="bib58" firstref="ref58"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl50" bibid="bib59" firstref="ref59"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl51" bibid="bib60" firstref="ref60"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl52" bibid="bib61" firstref="ref61"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl53" bibid="bib113" firstref="ref62"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl54" bibid="bib62" firstref="ref63"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl55" bibid="bib63" firstref="ref64"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl56" bibid="bib64" firstref="ref65"></nolink> <nolink nlid="nl57" bibid="bib65" firstref="ref66"></nolink>
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  Group: Ti
  Data: The Educational Project of UPB Industrial Chemistry Faculty in the Business Development of Medellin, Colombia (1938-1960)
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  Label: Language
  Group: Lang
  Data: English
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
  Group: Au
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Marisol+Osorio%22">Marisol Osorio</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3300-8677">0000-0003-3300-8677</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22José+R%2E+Álvarez+Múnera%22">José R. Álvarez Múnera</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3550-7015">0000-0003-3550-7015</externalLink>)
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Source
  Group: Src
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22History+of+Education%22"><i>History of Education</i></searchLink>. 2025 54(3):339-361.
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  Data: Routledge. Available from: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 530 Walnut Street Suite 850, Philadelphia, PA 19106. Tel: 800-354-1420; Tel: 215-625-8900; Fax: 215-207-0050; Web site: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals
– Name: PeerReviewed
  Label: Peer Reviewed
  Group: SrcInfo
  Data: Y
– Name: Pages
  Label: Page Count
  Group: Src
  Data: 23
– Name: DatePubCY
  Label: Publication Date
  Group: Date
  Data: 2025
– Name: TypeDocument
  Label: Document Type
  Group: TypDoc
  Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Research
– Name: Audience
  Label: Education Level
  Group: Audnce
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Higher+Education%22">Higher Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Postsecondary+Education%22">Postsecondary Education</searchLink>
– Name: Subject
  Label: Descriptors
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Chemistry%22">Chemistry</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22College+Faculty%22">College Faculty</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Science+Teachers%22">Science Teachers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Science+Education%22">Science Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Foreign+Countries%22">Foreign Countries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Engineering+Education%22">Engineering Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Industrial+Education%22">Industrial Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Universities%22">Universities</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Chemical+Engineering%22">Chemical Engineering</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Educational+History%22">Educational History</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22College+Graduates%22">College Graduates</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Program+Descriptions%22">Program Descriptions</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Education+Work+Relationship%22">Education Work Relationship</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22School+Business+Relationship%22">School Business Relationship</searchLink>
– Name: Subject
  Label: Geographic Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Colombia%22">Colombia</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Spain%22">Spain</searchLink>
– Name: DOI
  Label: DOI
  Group: ID
  Data: 10.1080/0046760X.2025.2466510
– Name: ISSN
  Label: ISSN
  Group: ISSN
  Data: 0046-760X<br />1464-5130
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: This paper seeks to deepen our understanding of how the emergence of industrial engineering degrees in a Colombian region related with industrial, economic and societal dynamics in the first decades of the twentieth century. To this end, it explores the insertion of the graduates of the first cohorts of the Chemical Engineering programme of the Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana (UPB) into existing companies in the region, and their participation in emerging industry initiatives. The research provides previously unpublished primary sources and extensive bibliographical documentation. A relationship with the programmes in vigour in Spain at the time is identified, the way in which chemical engineering contributes to the training for work of the graduates is observed and the ways in which their participation in the workplace strengthened the business processes of the time and country are found.
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  Data: 2025
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  Label: Accession Number
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  Data: EJ1469645
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1080/0046760X.2025.2466510
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      – Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 23
        StartPage: 339
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Chemistry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: College Faculty
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Science Teachers
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      – SubjectFull: Science Education
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      – SubjectFull: Engineering Education
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      – SubjectFull: Universities
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Chemical Engineering
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Educational History
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: College Graduates
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Program Descriptions
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Education Work Relationship
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      – SubjectFull: School Business Relationship
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      – SubjectFull: Colombia
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Spain
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: The Educational Project of UPB Industrial Chemistry Faculty in the Business Development of Medellin, Colombia (1938-1960)
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            NameFull: Marisol Osorio
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            NameFull: José R. Álvarez Múnera
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              Y: 2025
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              Value: 54
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            – TitleFull: History of Education
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