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Anhedonia and Impulsivity in College Alcohol Use: A Path Analysis

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Title: Anhedonia and Impulsivity in College Alcohol Use: A Path Analysis
Language: English
Authors: Sydney N. Stamatovich (ORCID 0000-0002-3997-8642), Raluca M. Simons, Jeffrey S. Simons
Source: Journal of American College Health. 2025 73(2):835-845.
Availability: Taylor & Francis. Available from: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 530 Walnut Street Suite 850, Philadelphia, PA 19106. Tel: 800-354-1420; Tel: 215-625-8900; Fax: 215-207-0050; Web site: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 11
Publication Date: 2025
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Education Level: Higher Education
Postsecondary Education
Descriptors: Drinking, Conceptual Tempo, College Students, Correlation, Behavior Problems, Depression (Psychology), Psychological Patterns
Assessment and Survey Identifiers: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale
DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2023.2249116
ISSN: 0744-8481
1940-3208
Abstract: Objective: Alcohol use is a substantial problem among college students and has several negative consequences. The current study examined the associations between anhedonia and alcohol use and related problems "via" impulsive behavior (e.g., negative urgency, sensation seeking). We parsed anhedonia into four specific facets: consummatory, anticipatory, recreational, and social anhedonia. Participants: Six hundred and forty college students aged 18-25 were included in the final analysis. Method: Data were collected "via" Amazon Mechanical Turk. Self-report inventories assessing for anhedonia, alcohol use, impulsive behavior, and depressed mood were utilized. Results: Recreational consummatory anhedonia was negatively associated with alcohol use and alcohol-related problems through negative urgency. Recreational consummatory anhedonia also had significant negative associations with alcohol consumption "via" sensation seeking. Further, social anticipatory anhedonia was positively associated with alcohol use and related problems "via" negative urgency. Conclusions: This study highlights important associations between anhedonia, impulsivity, and alcohol use and related problems.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2025
Accession Number: EJ1472887
Database: ERIC
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  Value: <anid>AN0182848236;acl01feb.25;2025Feb10.04:08;v2.2.500</anid> <title id="AN0182848236-1">Anhedonia and impulsivity in college alcohol use: A path analysis </title> <p>Objective: Alcohol use is a substantial problem among college students and has several negative consequences. The current study examined the associations between anhedonia and alcohol use and related problems via impulsive behavior (e.g., negative urgency, sensation seeking). We parsed anhedonia into four specific facets: consummatory, anticipatory, recreational, and social anhedonia. Participants: Six hundred and forty college students aged 18-25 were included in the final analysis. Method: Data were collected via Amazon Mechanical Turk. Self-report inventories assessing for anhedonia, alcohol use, impulsive behavior, and depressed mood were utilized. Results: Recreational consummatory anhedonia was negatively associated with alcohol use and alcohol-related problems through negative urgency. Recreational consummatory anhedonia also had significant negative associations with alcohol consumption via sensation seeking. Further, social anticipatory anhedonia was positively associated with alcohol use and related problems via negative urgency. Conclusions: This study highlights important associations between anhedonia, impulsivity, and alcohol use and related problems.</p> <p>Keywords: Alcohol use; anhedonia; impulsivity; negative urgency; sensation seeking</p> <p>College students often exhibit risky drinking behaviors. According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), around 33% of college students have engaged in binge drinking and approximately 9% meet the diagnostic threshold for an alcohol use disorder.[<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref1">1</reflink>] Although alcohol consumption is typical for young adults experiencing newfound freedom in a highly social environment, there can be significant consequences associated with excessive drinking. Potential outcomes may include difficulties in interpersonal relationships and social functioning, the experience of sexual or physical assault, failure to meet academic expectations, legal consequences, and mental health problems.[[<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref2">1</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib3" id="ref3">3</reflink>]] Considering that college alcohol use can have several harmful consequences, it is important to understand factors that contribute to alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems in this at-risk population.</p> <p>Anhedonia is a reward deficit that can be described as the inability or reduced ability to experience pleasure, particularly a loss of pleasure to activities or stimuli that the average person would find enjoyable.[[<reflink idref="bib5" id="ref4">5</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib7" id="ref5">7</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib9" id="ref6">9</reflink>]] Anhedonia is considered one of the distinctive symptoms of depression, schizophrenia, and PTSD, as well as other behavioral presentations such as social withdrawal or introversion.[<reflink idref="bib6" id="ref7">6</reflink>]<sups>,</sups>[<reflink idref="bib7" id="ref8">7</reflink>]<sups>,</sups>[[<reflink idref="bib9" id="ref9">9</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib11" id="ref10">11</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib13" id="ref11">13</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib15" id="ref12">15</reflink>]] Anhedonia can be state dependent but has also been observed to be stable (e.g., trait anhedonia).[[<reflink idref="bib16" id="ref13">16</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib18" id="ref14">18</reflink>]] Further, the conceptualization of anhedonia has progressed and currently encompasses several different facets. For example, anhedonia can be categorized as a lack of pleasure from stimuli including food, hobbies, and physical or sensory experiences, as well as the lack of pleasure to socialization.[[<reflink idref="bib5" id="ref15">5</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib7" id="ref16">7</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib9" id="ref17">9</reflink>]]<sups>,</sups>[<reflink idref="bib20" id="ref18">20</reflink>] Anhedonia can also be differentiated into what are typically referred to as consummatory (i.e., deficits in the "liking" of a reward), anticipatory (i.e., deficits in the "wanting" or "looking forward to" a reward), and motivational anhedonia (i.e., deficits in the effort exerted to obtain a reward), which represent different stages of the process of reward.[[<reflink idref="bib7" id="ref19">7</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib9" id="ref20">9</reflink>]]<sups>,</sups>[[<reflink idref="bib21" id="ref21">21</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib23" id="ref22">23</reflink>]] Interestingly, unique associations have been found between specific facets of anhedonia and behavior. For instance, anticipatory and consummatory anhedonia have been found to be associated with suicidal behaviors,[<reflink idref="bib25" id="ref23">25</reflink>] while motivational anhedonia may contribute to reduced approach behavior.[<reflink idref="bib26" id="ref24">26</reflink>] Additionally, social and physical anhedonia have been linked to impulsive behaviors.[<reflink idref="bib27" id="ref25">27</reflink>] Differences have also been observed in the presentation of these facets, as some individuals exhibit difficulties anticipating reward while their "liking" remains intact;[<reflink idref="bib28" id="ref26">28</reflink>]<sups>,</sups>[<reflink idref="bib29" id="ref27">29</reflink>] conversely, some individuals exhibit "wanting" but not subjective "liking."[<reflink idref="bib22" id="ref28">22</reflink>]<sups>,</sups>[<reflink idref="bib30" id="ref29">30</reflink>] Similarly, different elevations have been observed in social versus physical anhedonia.[<reflink idref="bib31" id="ref30">31</reflink>]</p> <p>Importantly, anhedonia and reward disruptions have been identified as a significant component of substance use, including alcohol, cocaine, amphetamine, and opioid use.[[<reflink idref="bib32" id="ref31">32</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib34" id="ref32">34</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib36" id="ref33">36</reflink>]] In regard to alcohol use, anhedonia has been identified as a potential byproduct of withdrawal that may contribute to craving and relapse, although these findings are mixed.[[<reflink idref="bib37" id="ref34">37</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib39" id="ref35">39</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib41" id="ref36">41</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib43" id="ref37">43</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib45" id="ref38">45</reflink>]] Anhedonia can persist into abstinence, but can also decrease throughout the course of abstinence.[[<reflink idref="bib37" id="ref39">37</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib39" id="ref40">39</reflink>]]<sups>,</sups>[<reflink idref="bib46" id="ref41">46</reflink>] Conversely, individuals may be more likely to engage in substance use if they have dysfunctions in their reward system, potentially impacting their response to typical, less risky rewards.[<reflink idref="bib36" id="ref42">36</reflink>]<sups>,</sups>[<reflink idref="bib37" id="ref43">37</reflink>]<sups>,</sups>[[<reflink idref="bib41" id="ref44">41</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib43" id="ref45">43</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib45" id="ref46">45</reflink>]] However, additional research on anhedonia as a specific vulnerability to alcohol use is required. While depression and negative affect have been associated with alcohol outcomes,[[<reflink idref="bib47" id="ref47">47</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib49" id="ref48">49</reflink>]] little research has focused in depth on the role of anhedonia in college alcohol use and related problems.</p> <p>Another important contributor to alcohol use, particularly in college students, is impulsivity.[[<reflink idref="bib50" id="ref49">50</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib52" id="ref50">52</reflink>]] Impulsivity can be described as the tendency to act in an unplanned way with little concern of the potential consequences.[<reflink idref="bib54" id="ref51">54</reflink>]<sups>,</sups>[<reflink idref="bib55" id="ref52">55</reflink>] The relationship between impulsivity and alcohol use is bidirectional in nature. Both chronic and acute alcohol consumption have been linked to weakened self-regulation, leading to maladaptive or impulsive behavior.[[<reflink idref="bib56" id="ref53">56</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib58" id="ref54">58</reflink>]] Conversely, impulsivity can increase the risk for alcohol-related consequences, and it is a significant risk factor for developing alcohol use disorder.[[<reflink idref="bib59" id="ref55">59</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib61" id="ref56">61</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib63" id="ref57">63</reflink>]] Further, such as with anhedonia, impulsivity can be examined further and parsed into facets that are particularly relevant to substance use. For instance, the literature has highlighted associations between sensation seeking (i.e., the tendency to impulsively seek out rewarding stimuli) and negative urgency (i.e., the tendency to act impulsively under conditions of negative affect), and alcohol use.[[<reflink idref="bib64" id="ref58">64</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib66" id="ref59">66</reflink>]]</p> <p>Anhedonia and impulsivity both appear to have significant associations with alcohol use; however, further research should be conducted on their mechanism of association. It is possible that anhedonia may be a proximal factor in the development of impulsivity. Individuals who do not experience pleasure may be more likely to act impulsively and take risks to obtain rewards; thus, acting impulsively may be a compensatory behavior. However, it is also possible to see less impulsive behavior due to a lack of pleasure or interest, or withdrawal-like behavior. Indeed, there is evidence for both positive and negative associations between sensation seeking and anhedonia.[[<reflink idref="bib68" id="ref60">68</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib70" id="ref61">70</reflink>]] Additionally, the association between anhedonia and negative urgency is less known, but studies have shown that anhedonia and negative urgency may be associated with hedonic hunger and nicotine use.[<reflink idref="bib72" id="ref62">72</reflink>]<sups>,</sups>[<reflink idref="bib73" id="ref63">73</reflink>]</p> <p>Further, the relationship between anhedonia and impulsivity has primarily been studied in clinical samples, particularly among those with schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, and borderline personality disorder.[<reflink idref="bib27" id="ref64">27</reflink>]<sups>,</sups>[[<reflink idref="bib68" id="ref65">68</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib70" id="ref66">70</reflink>]]<sups>,</sups>[<reflink idref="bib74" id="ref67">74</reflink>] The results of this research have been mixed. For example, higher scores in both physical and social anhedonia have been shown to predict more impulsive behaviors in individuals with schizophrenia; however, negative correlations have been found between physical and social anhedonia and impulsivity in individuals with major depressive disorder.[<reflink idref="bib27" id="ref68">27</reflink>] Further, in individuals with borderline personality disorder, anhedonia has been found to be positively associated with symptom severity and impulsive behavior, but no such associations were found in a control group.[<reflink idref="bib74" id="ref69">74</reflink>] The results of these studies are difficult to generalize; thus, this is an area of research that requires more attention.</p> <p>The current study tests the associations between anhedonia, impulsivity, and alcohol use and related problems within a college sample. Specifically, we tested whether impulsivity mediates associations between anhedonia and alcohol use and related problems. Anhedonia was parsed into consummatory (i.e., the "liking" of a reward) and anticipatory (i.e., the "wanting" or "looking forward to" a reward) anhedonia. For the purpose of this study, anhedonia was further parsed into what we will call "recreational" (e.g., pleasure from food, hobbies, activities/pastimes) and social (e.g., pleasure from social interaction or activities) anhedonia. Finally, impulsivity included the facets of sensation seeking (i.e., the tendency to seek out rewarding stimuli) and negative urgency (i.e., the tendency to act impulsively while negatively aroused). A path model was used to test associations between the facets of anhedonia and alcohol use and related problems <emph>via</emph> impulsivity, while controlling for gender and depressive symptoms. Specifically, depression was controlled for to emphasize the impact of anhedonia irrespective of other depressive symptoms.</p> <hd id="AN0182848236-2">Method</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0182848236-3">Participants</hd> <p>Eight-hundred and thirty-three participants between the desired age of 18-25 attempted to complete the online survey. The average time to complete the full study survey was 1,519 s. If participants completed the survey in less than 10% of the mean time (151 s), they were excluded. This included those who started the survey and did not complete it, and those who completed the survey too quickly (e.g., random responding). Thus, 73 participants were removed. Further, 22 participants were excluded for providing poor quality drinking data. For instance, participants were excluded if they provided improbable drinking levels (e.g., 100 drinks each day), or levels of drinking that were inconsistent with the rest of their data (e.g., 100 drinks per day but no alcohol-related problems). Finally, three participants were excluded for identifying "non-binary" as their gender, as gender was coded as a binary variable in the analysis.</p> <p>Thus, the sample consisted of 735 participants. The sample was 57% males between the ages of 18 and 25 (<emph>M</emph> = 23.15, <emph>SD</emph> = 1.58). Seventy percent of the participants identified as White/Caucasian, 14% Black/African American, 6% Asian, 5% Hispanic/Latino, 2% Native American or Alaskan Native, 1% Multiracial, <1% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islands, and <1% "Other." Around 1% of the sample chose not to identify their race. Due to missing data, the final analyzed sample included 640 participants.</p> <hd id="AN0182848236-4">Power analysis</hd> <p>The current study utilized the N:q rule to estimate the minimum sample size required to power the hypothesized model. The N:q rule is used by assessing the ratio between the number of cases (N) and the number of estimated parameters within the model (q). [<reflink idref="bib75" id="ref70">75</reflink>]<sups>,</sups>[<reflink idref="bib76" id="ref71">76</reflink>] It has been recommended that the sample size for SEM analyses be at least 200,[<reflink idref="bib76" id="ref72">76</reflink>]<sups>,</sups>[<reflink idref="bib77" id="ref73">77</reflink>] and it has been suggested that the number of cases per parameter should be 10:1,[<reflink idref="bib78" id="ref74">78</reflink>] or at a very minimum of 5:1.[<reflink idref="bib79" id="ref75">79</reflink>] The hypothesized model was specified with 27 free parameters. Thus, this rule suggests that a sample size of 270 is the minimum sample required to estimate the model. Thus, the current sample size was deemed sufficient.</p> <hd id="AN0182848236-5">Planned analysis</hd> <p>The hypothesized model was tested in Mplus 8.4 using maximum likelihood estimation with bias-corrected boot strapped confidence intervals.[<reflink idref="bib80" id="ref76">80</reflink>] The model fit was evaluated according to the guidelines of Hu and Bentler.[<reflink idref="bib81" id="ref77">81</reflink>] For fit indices, it has been suggested that a cutoff value of.95 is acceptable for CFI and TLI, a cutoff value around.06 for RMSEA (with 90% confidence intervals between 0 and.10) is acceptable, and a cutoff value of SRMR <.08 suggests an acceptable fit. R<sups>2</sups> values for the endogenous variables were calculated and reported along with standardized coefficients as measures of effect size. Significance of the indirect effects was determined <emph>via</emph> bias-corrected bootstrapped confidence intervals with 10,000 replications.[<reflink idref="bib82" id="ref78">82</reflink>] Gender and depression were controlled for in the analysis.</p> <hd id="AN0182848236-6">Measures</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0182848236-7">Short screening questionnaire</hd> <p>The short screening questionnaire consisted of three questions. First, it required participants to indicate whether they were between the ages of 18-25. Second, participants indicated that they were currently enrolled full-time at a college or university. Lastly, participants indicated whether they had consumed alcohol within the past 30 days.</p> <hd id="AN0182848236-8">Demographic information</hd> <p>Basic demographic information was collected from each participant. These questions inquired about age, gender, race/ethnicity, and year in college (e.g., freshman, sophomore, junior, senior).</p> <hd id="AN0182848236-9">"Recreational" consummatory anhedonia</hd> <p>The Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) is a 14-item self-report inventory that primarily measures the ability to experience consummatory (e.g., the "liking" of a reward) pleasure.[<reflink idref="bib83" id="ref79">83</reflink>] The SHAPS consists of four domains: food and drink, sensory experiences, interests and pastimes, and social interaction. Specifically, the SHAPS asks questions about activities that most people would find pleasurable, such as "I would enjoy my favorite television or radio program" and "I would be able to enjoy my favorite meal." There are four questions regarding social interaction, and these questions were merged in the variable of social consummatory anhedonia for this study. Each item has four possible responses: strongly disagree, disagree, agree, and strongly agree; either of the "disagree" responses scores one point, and either of the "agree" responses scores zero points. Typically, a score of three or more reflects the presence of anhedonia. A new variable was created representing recreational consummatory anhedonia that merged 10 items of the SHAPS and eight items of the Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale, as the authors believed that these eight items of the TEPS better fit with recreational consummatory anhedonia. The scores from each scale were standardized and averaged. Higher scores represent more recreational consummatory anhedonia. This variable established adequate internal consistency in this study (α = 0.81).</p> <hd id="AN0182848236-10">"Recreational" anticipatory anhedonia</hd> <p>The Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS) is an 18-item self-report questionnaire that includes 10 questions regarding the ability to experience recreational anticipatory (e.g., the "wanting" or "looking forward to" of a reward) pleasure.[<reflink idref="bib84" id="ref80">84</reflink>] The remaining eight questions inquired about recreational consummatory (e.g., "liking") anhedonia and were merged in the recreational consummatory variable for analysis. The 10 remaining questions of the TEPS included questions such as "When ordering something off the menu, I imagine how good it tastes" and "I look forward to a lot of things in my life." The TEPS uses a 6-point Likert scale (1= very false to me to 6= very true to me). The scores of the TEPS were averaged, such that higher scores represent higher levels of anhedonia. The 10 items of the TEPS established acceptable internal consistency (α = 0.82).</p> <hd id="AN0182848236-11">Social consummatory & anticipatory anhedonia</hd> <p>The Anticipatory and Consummatory Interpersonal Pleasure Scale (ACIPS) is a 17-item, self-report scale that measures both the consummatory and anticipatory facets of social anhedonia.[<reflink idref="bib85" id="ref81">85</reflink>] For consummatory pleasure, the ACIPS includes 10 questions such as "I enjoy going on group activities like attending sports events or concerts with friends." For anticipatory pleasure, the ACIPS includes seven questions such as "I look forward to seeing people when I'm on my way to a party." The ACIPS uses a 6-point Likert scale (1= very false to me to 6 = very true to me). Further, there are four items of the SHAPS that the authors believed better fit with the social consummatory facet of anhedonia for the purpose of this study. Thus, a new variable for social consummatory anhedonia was created by merging the 10 items of the ACIPS and four items of the SHAPS. These scores were standardized and averaged. Higher scores represent more social consummatory and anticipatory anhedonia. Both the social consummatory (α = 0.89) and social anticipatory anhedonia (α = 0.80) variables established acceptable internal consistency in this study.</p> <hd id="AN0182848236-12">Impulsive behaviors</hd> <p>The Impulsive Behavior Scale (UPPS-P) is a 59-item, self-report measure that assesses five distinct dimensions of impulsive behaviors. The five dimensions of impulsivity include: negative urgency, (lack of) premeditation, (lack of) perseverance, sensation seeking, and positive urgency.[<reflink idref="bib86" id="ref82">86</reflink>] Example questions for sensation seeking and negative urgency include: "I generally seek new and exciting experiences and sensations" and "I have trouble controlling my impulses," respectively. For this study, only negative urgency and sensation seeking were used for analysis. The UPPS-P uses a 4-point Likert scale (1= agree strongly to 4= disagree strongly); however, some items from each subscale require reverse scoring, such that 1 = 4, etc. After reverse scoring, total scores on each dimension were averaged, such that higher scores indicate more impulsive behavior. Both the subscale of negative urgency (α = 0.91) and sensation seeking (α = 0.88) had adequate internal consistency.</p> <hd id="AN0182848236-13">Depressive symptoms</hd> <p>The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale Revised (CESD-R-20) is a 20-item, self-report rating inventory that measures the potential symptoms of depression.[<reflink idref="bib87" id="ref83">87</reflink>] Questions measure eight different subscales including: Sadness, Loss of Interest, Appetite, Sleep, Thinking/Concentration, Guilt, Fatigue, Movement/Agitation, and Suicidal Ideation. An example question on the CESD-R-20 is "I was bothered by things that usually don't bother me," in which the participant must choose between the following responses: not at all or less than one day, some or a little of the time (1-2 Days), occasionally or a moderate amount time (3-4 Days), most or all of the time (5-7 Days), or nearly every day for 2 wk. Questions 4, 8, 12, and 16 are reverse scored. The total score was averaged. The CESD-R-20 demonstrated acceptable internal consistency in the current study (α = 0.89).</p> <hd id="AN0182848236-14">Alcohol consumption</hd> <p>The Daily Drinking Questionnaire (DDQ) is a self-report inventory that measures the standard number of drinks that individuals have consumed during the week.[<reflink idref="bib88" id="ref84">88</reflink>] The DDQ provides a seven-day grid for the participants to enter their typical alcohol consumption, as well as the estimated number of hours they spent drinking each day of the week (Monday-Sunday) for the last 90 days. The average alcohol consumption was calculated for each participant.</p> <hd id="AN0182848236-15">Alcohol problems</hd> <p>The Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire (YAACQ) is a 48-item, self-report scale that is specifically designed to assess alcohol-related problems in samples of college students.[<reflink idref="bib89" id="ref85">89</reflink>] The YAACQ measures problems in eight different domains including: Social/Interpersonal, Academic/Occupational, Risky Behavior, Impaired Control, Poor Self-Care, Diminished Self-Perception, Blackout Drinking, and Physiological Dependence. Example questions include "I have often thought about needing to cut down or stop drinking" and "Drinking has made me feel depressed or sad." Responses are rated in a dichotomous, yes/no format. Total scores were averaged, reflecting the number of consequences experienced within the past 90 days. Thus, a high score indicates more alcohol-related consequences or problems. The YAACQ established acceptable internal consistency in the current study (α = 0.87).</p> <hd id="AN0182848236-16">Procedure</hd> <p>College students were recruited using Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk). Previous research using MTurk suggests that samples generally reflect the demographic makeup of the United States, and psychiatric diagnoses and substance use reported on MTurk appear to reflect national prevalence rates.[<reflink idref="bib90" id="ref86">90</reflink>]<sups>,</sups>[<reflink idref="bib91" id="ref87">91</reflink>] All questionnaires were completed online. All materials were approved by the university's institutional review board (IRB) before data collection. Participants were first asked to complete a brief screening survey to determine minimal inclusion criteria including being a current college student, having consumed alcohol in the past 30 days, and being between the ages of 18-25. Participants subsequently completed the remainder of the questionnaires if they met inclusion criteria. Participants were compensated $2.00 directly through MTurk for completing the survey.</p> <hd id="AN0182848236-17">Data handling and preparation</hd> <p>Preliminary analyses were conducted in Stata 17 to determine the skewness, mean, and kurtosis of all variables of interest.[<reflink idref="bib92" id="ref88">92</reflink>] All variables have acceptable ranges of skewness (i.e., within |3|) and kurtosis (i.e., within |10|). See Table 1 for descriptive statistics. Surveys that were completed in less than 10% of the mean completion time were excluded. Next, univariate and multivariate outliers were examined using recommendations from Kline.[<reflink idref="bib76" id="ref89">76</reflink>] Observations exceeding 3.29 standard deviations away from the mean were examined for validity.[<reflink idref="bib93" id="ref90">93</reflink>] Univariate normality was also assessed using histograms. Finally, scatterplots were examined for linearity and a correlation matrix was examined to determine the presence of multicollinearity and singularity.[<reflink idref="bib93" id="ref91">93</reflink>]</p> <p>Table 1. Descriptive statistics.</p> <p> <ephtml> <table><thead><tr><td>Variable</td><td><italic>N</italic></td><td><italic>M</italic></td><td>Range</td><td>Skewness</td><td>Kurtosis</td></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td>Gender</td><td char=".">640</td><td>–</td><td>(M) 360 (F) 280</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>RC Anhedonia</td><td char=".">640</td><td char=".">0.00</td><td char=".">−0.87–2.15</td><td char=".">1.46</td><td char=".">2.41</td></tr><tr><td>RA Anhedonia</td><td char=".">640</td><td char=".">2.43</td><td char=".">1.00–5.80</td><td char=".">0.54</td><td char=".">0.80</td></tr><tr><td>SC Anhedonia</td><td char=".">640</td><td char=".">−0.01</td><td char=".">−1.01–2.74</td><td char=".">1.04</td><td char=".">1.23</td></tr><tr><td>SA Anhedonia</td><td char=".">640</td><td char=".">2.43</td><td char=".">1.00–5.71</td><td char=".">0.50</td><td char=".">0.35</td></tr><tr><td>Depression</td><td char=".">640</td><td char=".">2.73</td><td char=".">0–6</td><td char=".">−0.22</td><td char=".">−1.42</td></tr><tr><td>Sensation Seeking</td><td char=".">639</td><td char=".">2.53</td><td char=".">1–4</td><td char=".">−0.14</td><td char=".">−0.67</td></tr><tr><td>Negative Urgency</td><td char=".">639</td><td char=".">2.30</td><td char=".">1–4</td><td char=".">−0.05</td><td char=".">−0.98</td></tr><tr><td>Alcohol Use</td><td char=".">634</td><td char=".">2.63</td><td char=".">0–20</td><td char=".">2.57</td><td char=".">6.63</td></tr><tr><td>Alcohol Problems</td><td char=".">635</td><td char=".">18.94</td><td char=".">0–48</td><td char=".">0.28</td><td char=".">−1.15</td></tr></tbody></table> </ephtml> </p> <p>1 <emph>Note.</emph> RA Anhedonia = Recreational Anticipatory Anhedonia, SA Anhedonia = Social Anticipatory Anhedonia, RC Anhedonia = Recreational Consummatory Anhedonia, SC Anhedonia = Social Consummatory Anhedonia, NU = Negative Urgency, SS = Sensation Seeking, DDQ = Daily Drinking Questionnaire, YAACQ = Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire. Gender coded 1 (male) and 0 (female). <emph>N'</emph>s vary due to missing data.</p> <hd id="AN0182848236-18">Results</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0182848236-19">Descriptive statistics</hd> <p>Descriptive statistics were calculated using Stata 17.[<reflink idref="bib92" id="ref92">92</reflink>] Descriptive statistics are presented in Table 1 and bivariate correlations are shown in Table 2. Contrary to the hypothesis, all facets of anhedonia were negatively correlated with sensation seeking, suggesting that higher levels of anhedonia are associated with less sensation seeking. Although this is in line with the potential withdrawal-like behavior associated with anhedonia, it was hypothesized that these individuals may be higher in sensation seeking as a potential compensatory behavior. Interestingly, recreational consummatory anhedonia was not significantly correlated with alcohol consumption but was positively correlated with alcohol-related problems. Further, negative urgency was not significantly correlated with the recreational facets of anhedonia but was positively correlated with both social consummatory and social anticipatory anhedonia.</p> <p>Table 2. Correlation matrix.</p> <p> <ephtml> <table><thead><tr><td /><td char=".">1.</td><td char=".">2.</td><td char=".">3.</td><td char=".">4.</td><td char=".">5.</td><td char=".">6.</td><td char=".">7.</td><td char=".">8.</td><td char=".">9.</td><td char=".">10.</td></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td>1. Gender</td><td>–</td><td /><td /><td /><td /><td /><td /><td /><td /><td /></tr><tr><td>2. RC Anhedonia</td><td char=".">0.15***</td><td>–</td><td /><td /><td /><td /><td /><td /><td /><td /></tr><tr><td>3. RA Anhedonia</td><td char=".">0.10*</td><td char=".">0.67***</td><td>–</td><td /><td /><td /><td /><td /><td /><td /></tr><tr><td>4. SC Anhedonia</td><td char=".">0.14**</td><td char=".">0.70***</td><td char=".">0.73***</td><td>–</td><td /><td /><td /><td /><td /><td /></tr><tr><td>5. SA Anhedonia</td><td char=".">0.13**</td><td char=".">0.57***</td><td char=".">0.69***</td><td char=".">0.84***</td><td>–</td><td /><td /><td /><td /><td /></tr><tr><td>6. Depression</td><td char=".">0.07</td><td char=".">0.26***</td><td char=".">0.27***</td><td char=".">0.33***</td><td char=".">0.42***</td><td>–</td><td /><td /><td /><td /></tr><tr><td>7. Sensation Seeking</td><td char=".">0.20***</td><td char=".">−0.18***</td><td char=".">−0.18***</td><td char=".">−0.15***</td><td char=".">−0.09*</td><td char=".">0.11**</td><td>–</td><td /><td /><td /></tr><tr><td>8. Negative Urgency</td><td char=".">0.12***</td><td char=".">0.03</td><td char=".">0.08</td><td char=".">0.13***</td><td char=".">0.25***</td><td char=".">0.54***</td><td char=".">0.50***</td><td>–</td><td /><td /></tr><tr><td>9. Alcohol Use</td><td char=".">0.08*</td><td char=".">0.01</td><td char=".">0.02</td><td char=".">0.05</td><td char=".">0.07</td><td char=".">0.30***</td><td char=".">0.23***</td><td char=".">0.31***</td><td>–</td><td /></tr><tr><td>10. Alcohol Problems</td><td char=".">0.11**</td><td char=".">0.14***</td><td char=".">0.13**</td><td char=".">0.16***</td><td char=".">0.22***</td><td char=".">0.63***</td><td char=".">0.22***</td><td char=".">0.48***</td><td char=".">0.41***</td><td>–</td></tr></tbody></table> </ephtml> </p> <p>2 <emph>Note. N</emph>'<emph>s</emph> = 634 – 640. RA Anhedonia = Recreational Anticipatory Anhedonia, SA Anhedonia = Social Anticipatory Anhedonia, RC Anhedonia = Recreational Consummatory Anhedonia, SC Anhedonia = Social Consummatory Anhedonia, NU = Negative Urgency, SS = Sensation Seeking, DDQ = Daily Drinking Questionnaire, YAACQ = Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire. Gender coded 1 (male) and 0 (female). * <emph>p</emph> < 0.05, ** <emph>p</emph> < 0.01, *** <emph>p</emph> < 0.001.</p> <hd id="AN0182848236-20">Path model</hd> <p>See Figure 1 for the final path model. The hypothesized model fit was acceptable, χ2(<reflink idref="bib12" id="ref93">12</reflink>, _I_N_i_ = 640) = 35.14, <emph>p</emph> <.001; RMSEA =.05 90% CI [.03,.08]; CFI =.98; SRMR =.04. However, modification indices suggested adding an additional path: a path from recreational consummatory anhedonia to negative urgency. Adding this path was reasonable, as it is possible for individuals with difficulties experiencing the "liking" of generally pleasurable experiences or stimuli to act impulsively when negatively aroused. Hence, this pathway was added to the model. This improved model fit, χ2(<reflink idref="bib11" id="ref94">11</reflink>, _I_N_i_ = 640) = 14.08, <emph>p</emph> = 0.23; RMSEA =.021 90% CI [.00,.05]; CFI =.99; SRMR =.02. R<sups>2</sups> values for the endogenous variables were calculated and reported along with standardized coefficients as measures of effect size. Bias-corrected bootstrapped confidence intervals were used to determine the significance of indirect and total effects.[<reflink idref="bib82" id="ref95">82</reflink>]</p> <p>Graph: Figure 1. Final path model. Note. Final model of anhedonia, impulsivity, and alcohol use and related problems. Gender is included with paths to all endogenous variables but is omitted from the figure for clarity. Solid lines indicate significant paths while dotted lines indicate non-significant paths. All values are standardized coefficients. Standard errors are presented in parentheses. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.</p> <hd id="AN0182848236-21">Direct effects</hd> <p>First, recreational consummatory anhedonia was significantly and negatively associated with sensation seeking. Further, social anticipatory anhedonia was significantly and positively related to negative urgency. A direct path from recreational consummatory anhedonia and negative urgency was added to improve model fit, although this path was not originally hypothesized. This path was significant and negative. Both negative urgency and sensation seeking were significantly, positively associated with alcohol consumption. As hypothesized, there was a significant direct effect from negative urgency to alcohol-related problems; however, the direct path from sensation seeking to alcohol-related problems was not significant (Table 3).</p> <p>Table 3. Confidence intervals of direct paths.</p> <p> <ephtml> <table><thead><tr><td>Outcome/Predictor</td><td>Estimate</td><td>Confidence interval</td></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td><italic>Alcohol problems</italic></td><td /><td /></tr><tr><td> Alcohol use</td><td char="."><bold>0.215</bold></td><td><bold>[0.141, 0.281]</bold></td></tr><tr><td> Sensation seeking</td><td char=".">0.054</td><td>[−0.013, 0.118]</td></tr><tr><td> Negative urgency</td><td char="."><bold>0.112</bold></td><td><bold>[0.036, 0.197]</bold></td></tr><tr><td> Depression</td><td char="."><bold>0.495</bold></td><td><bold>[0.412, 0.567]</bold></td></tr><tr><td> Gender</td><td char=".">0.031</td><td>[−0.031, 0.088]</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Alcohol use</italic></td><td /><td /></tr><tr><td> Sensation seeking</td><td char="."><bold>0.140</bold></td><td><bold>[0.054, 0.214]</bold></td></tr><tr><td> Negative urgency</td><td char="."><bold>0.113</bold></td><td><bold>[0.029, 0.201]</bold></td></tr><tr><td> Depression</td><td char="."><bold>0.223</bold></td><td><bold>[0.143, 0.294]</bold></td></tr><tr><td> Gender</td><td char=".">0.020</td><td>[−0.054, 0.095]</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Sensation seeking</italic></td><td /><td /></tr><tr><td> RC Anhedonia</td><td char="."><bold>−0.205</bold></td><td><bold>[</bold>−<bold>0.297, −0.103]</bold></td></tr><tr><td> SC Anhedonia</td><td char=".">−0.077</td><td>[−0.175, 0.017]</td></tr><tr><td> Depression</td><td char="."><bold>0.172</bold></td><td><bold>[0.090, 0.241]</bold></td></tr><tr><td> Gender</td><td char="."><bold>0.227</bold></td><td><bold>[0.153, 0.306]</bold></td></tr><tr><td><italic>Negative urgency</italic></td><td /><td /></tr><tr><td> RA Anhedonia</td><td char=".">−0.013</td><td>[−0.099, 0.081]</td></tr><tr><td> SA Anhedonia</td><td char="."><bold>0.142</bold></td><td><bold>[0.057, 0.232]</bold></td></tr><tr><td> RC Anhedonia</td><td char="."><bold>−0.200</bold></td><td><bold>[</bold>−<bold>0.286, −0.110]</bold></td></tr><tr><td> Depression</td><td char="."><bold>0.529</bold></td><td><bold>[0.456, 0.587]</bold></td></tr><tr><td> Gender</td><td char="."><bold>0.097</bold></td><td><bold>[0.031, 0.163]</bold></td></tr></tbody></table> </ephtml> </p> <p>3 <emph>Note.</emph> RA Anhedonia = Recreational Anticipatory Anhedonia, SA Anhedonia = Social Anticipatory Anhedonia, RC Anhedonia = Recreational Consummatory Anhedonia, SC Anhedonia = Social Consummatory Anhedonia, NU = Negative Urgency, SS = Sensation Seeking, DDQ = Daily Drinking Questionnaire, YAACQ = Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire. Effects are standardized. 95% CI brackets.</p> <hd id="AN0182848236-22">Indirect effects</hd> <p>There were several significant indirect associations. First, social anticipatory anhedonia was indirectly associated with alcohol consumption and related problems <emph>via</emph> negative urgency. Consistent with hypothesis, this association was positive, suggesting that more social anticipatory anhedonia was positively related to more alcohol use and problems through negative urgency. Recreational consummatory anhedonia had a significant and indirect association with alcohol consumption <emph>via</emph> negative urgency and continuing to alcohol-related problems. Total effects for this path are negative due to the path from recreational consummatory anhedonia to negative urgency. Additionally, recreational consummatory anhedonia had a significant and negative indirect path to alcohol consumption <emph>via</emph> sensation seeking, but not to alcohol-related problems. Similarly, total effects were negative due to the path from anhedonia to sensation seeking. Thus, inconsistent with the hypothesis, the associations with recreational consummatory anhedonia and alcohol use were significant but negative, suggesting less drinking (Table 4).</p> <p>Table 4. Standardized indirect and total effects.</p> <p> <ephtml> <table><thead><tr><td>Predictor</td><td>Mediator</td><td>Outcome</td><td>Indirect</td><td>Total</td></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td>RC Anhedonia</td><td>NU</td><td>Alc. Consumption</td><td char="."><bold>−0.023</bold><bold>[</bold>−<bold>0.049, −0.007]</bold></td><td char="."><bold>−0.051</bold><bold>[</bold>−<bold>0.085, −0.025]</bold></td></tr><tr><td>RC Anhedonia</td><td>SS</td><td>Alc. Consumption</td><td char="."><bold>−0.029</bold><bold>[</bold>−<bold>0.055, −0.010]</bold></td><td char="."><bold>−0.051</bold><bold>[</bold>−<bold>0.085, −0.025]</bold></td></tr><tr><td>RC Anhedonia</td><td>NU</td><td>Alc. Problems</td><td char="."><bold>−0.022</bold><bold>[</bold>−<bold>0.045, −0.007]</bold></td><td char="."><bold>−0.044</bold><bold>[</bold>−<bold>0.070, −0.023]</bold></td></tr><tr><td>RC Anhedonia</td><td>SS</td><td>Alc. Problems</td><td char="."><bold>−</bold>0.011 [−0.029, 0.002]</td><td char="."><bold>−0.044</bold><bold>[</bold>−<bold>0.070, −0.023]</bold></td></tr><tr><td>RC Anhedonia</td><td>NU→DDQ</td><td>Alc. Problems</td><td char="."><bold>−0.005</bold><bold>[</bold>−<bold>0.011, −0.001]</bold></td><td char="."><bold>−0.044</bold><bold>[</bold>−<bold>0.070, −0.023]</bold></td></tr><tr><td>RC Anhedonia</td><td>SS→DDQ</td><td>Alc. Problems</td><td char="."><bold>−0.006</bold><bold>[</bold>−<bold>0.013, −0.002]</bold></td><td char="."><bold>−0.044</bold><bold>[</bold>−<bold>0.070, −0.023]</bold></td></tr><tr><td>RA Anhedonia</td><td>NU</td><td>Alc. Consumption</td><td char="."><bold>−</bold>0.001 [−0.014, 0.009]</td><td char=".">−0.001 [−0.014, 0.009]</td></tr><tr><td>RA Anhedonia</td><td>NU</td><td>Alc. Problems</td><td char=".">−0.001 [−0.014, 0.009]</td><td char=".">−0.002 [−0.016, 0.009]</td></tr><tr><td>RA Anhedonia</td><td>NU→DDQ</td><td>Alc. Problems</td><td char=".">0.000 [−0.003, 0.001]</td><td char=".">−0.002 [−0.016, 0.009]</td></tr><tr><td>SA Anhedonia</td><td>NU</td><td>Alc. Consumption</td><td char="."><bold>0.016</bold><bold>[0.004, 0.036]</bold></td><td char="."><bold>0.016</bold><bold>[0.004, 0.036]</bold></td></tr><tr><td>SA Anhedonia</td><td>NU</td><td>Alc. Problems</td><td char="."><bold>0.016</bold><bold>[0.005, 0.034]</bold></td><td char="."><bold>0.019</bold><bold>[0.007, 0.041]</bold></td></tr><tr><td>SA Anhedonia</td><td>NU→ DDQ</td><td>Alc. Problems</td><td char="."><bold>0.003</bold><bold>[0.001, 0.009]</bold></td><td char="."><bold>0.019</bold><bold>[0.007, 0.041]</bold></td></tr><tr><td>SC Anhedonia</td><td>SS</td><td>Alc. Consumption</td><td char=".">−0.011 [−0.033, 0.000]</td><td char=".">−0.011 [−0.033, 0.000]</td></tr><tr><td>SC Anhedonia</td><td>SS</td><td>Alc. Problems</td><td char=".">−0.004 [−0.017, 0.000]</td><td char=".">−0.006 [−0.023, 0.000]</td></tr><tr><td>SC Anhedonia</td><td>SS→ DDQ</td><td>Alc. Problems</td><td char=".">−0.002 [−0.008, 0.000]</td><td char=".">−0.006 [−0.023, 0.000]</td></tr></tbody></table> </ephtml> </p> <p>4 <emph>Note.</emph> RA Anhedonia = Recreational Anticipatory Anhedonia, SA Anhedonia = Social Anticipatory Anhedonia, RC Anhedonia = Recreational Consummatory Anhedonia, SC Anhedonia = Social Consummatory Anhedonia, NU = Negative Urgency, SS = Sensation Seeking. Effects are standardized. 95% CI brackets. Total effects combine all indirect pathways. Bias-corrected bootstrapped confidence intervals were used to determine the significance of effects. Bold font represents significant effect based on 95% CI.</p> <hd id="AN0182848236-23">Discussion</hd> <p>The current study tested the associations between facets of anhedonia, impulsivity, and alcohol use and related problems within a college sample while controlling for depression and gender. Consistent with hypothesis, there were positive associations between the social anticipatory (i.e., difficulties in "wanting" or "looking forward" to socialization) facet of anhedonia and alcohol consumption and related problems <emph>via</emph> negative urgency. Conversely, we found negative associations between recreational consummatory (i.e., deficits in "liking" recreational activities or stimuli) anhedonia, impulsivity, and alcohol outcomes.</p> <hd id="AN0182848236-24">Social anticipatory anhedonia and alcohol outcomes</hd> <p>Social anticipatory anhedonia was positively associated with alcohol problems in two ways: one <emph>via</emph> a path from social anticipatory anhedonia to negative urgency to alcohol use and related problems; and another <emph>via</emph> negative urgency to alcohol problems. Interestingly, unlike the facets of consummatory anhedonia, social anticipatory anhedonia had a positive overall effect on alcohol use and problems, and a positive effect on negative urgency. This is in line with the hypothesis and suggests that individuals with this type of anhedonia experience increased negative urgency, which in turn predicts more drinking and alcohol problems. The relationship with alcohol problems was significant <emph>via</emph> both negative urgency and alcohol use. In other words, both negative urgency and alcohol use mediated the effect of social anticipatory anhedonia on alcohol problems. Thus, as social anticipatory anhedonia increases, people experience more negative urgency, which in turn influences more alcohol problems directly and indirectly <emph>via</emph> increased consumption.</p> <p>The associations between social anticipatory anhedonia and alcohol use and related problems are unique, and there are possible explanations for this association. One possible explanation is that individuals with social anticipatory anhedonia may predict a social event or activity as not being enjoyable or pleasurable, and in response may consume more alcohol to ameliorate associated negative affect, or in response to negative affect. The literature has highlighted that individuals drink more when they anticipate a social experience as being unpleasant or anxiety-provoking.[[<reflink idref="bib94" id="ref96">94</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib96" id="ref97">96</reflink>]] Thus, this is one possible explanation for higher levels of social anticipatory anhedonia relating to more alcohol consumption and problems through negative urgency. The anticipation of reward is a unique process and deficits in the ability to look forward to pleasant stimuli appears to be impactful enough to increase drinking and associated problems in this sample.</p> <hd id="AN0182848236-25">"Recreational" consummatory anhedonia and alcohol outcomes</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0182848236-26">Indirect paths via sensation seeking</hd> <p>It was initially hypothesized that individuals with anhedonia may be more impulsive as a compensatory mechanism for their anhedonia, but the results suggest that individuals with recreational consummatory anhedonia were less likely to seek out alcohol use, exhibiting some avoidant or withdrawal behavior. There were significant associations between recreational consummatory anhedonia and alcohol use, <emph>via</emph> the facets of impulsivity. First, there was a significant path from recreational consummatory anhedonia to alcohol consumption <emph>via</emph> sensation seeking. The total effect was negative indicating that recreational consummatory anhedonia is overall inversely related to alcohol consumption. Although there is some support in the literature for positive associations between impulsivity and anhedonia,[<reflink idref="bib27" id="ref98">27</reflink>]<sups>,</sups>[<reflink idref="bib69" id="ref99">69</reflink>]<sups>,</sups>[<reflink idref="bib74" id="ref100">74</reflink>] it is also possible for individuals with loss of interest or pleasure and other depressive symptoms to be less likely to engage in activities, which may also include substance use. Thus, although the results oppose the hypothesis, they are reasonable.</p> <p>The effect from sensation seeking to alcohol use was positive, as anticipated, indicating increased alcohol consumption among those higher in sensation seeking. Sensation seeking may be associated with alcohol consumption because these individuals are susceptible to the rewarding outcome of alcohol use and feel driven to reach a certain level of arousal.[<reflink idref="bib50" id="ref101">50</reflink>]<sups>,</sups>[<reflink idref="bib51" id="ref102">51</reflink>]<sups>,</sups>[<reflink idref="bib64" id="ref103">64</reflink>]<sups>,</sups>[[<reflink idref="bib97" id="ref104">97</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib99" id="ref105">99</reflink>]] Interestingly, the association between sensation seeking and alcohol problems was entirely mediated by alcohol consumption. Hence, those high in sensation seeking in this study who experience alcohol problems do so because of their alcohol consumption. This is congruent with longitudinal research showing similar indirect effects from sensation seeking <emph>via</emph> drinking quantity,[<reflink idref="bib98" id="ref106">98</reflink>] but incongruent with other cross-sectional findings where sensation seeking exhibited direct effects on alcohol problems over drinking quantity in college women.[<reflink idref="bib67" id="ref107">67</reflink>] Further, individuals high in sensation seeking may not drink to regulate emotions, and may overall self-regulate more effectively than people with other types of impulsivity (e.g., negative urgency).[<reflink idref="bib67" id="ref108">67</reflink>]<sups>,</sups>[[<reflink idref="bib97" id="ref109">97</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib99" id="ref110">99</reflink>]]</p> <hd id="AN0182848236-27">Indirect paths via negative urgency</hd> <p>It was originally hypothesized that individuals with anhedonia would act more impulsively under conditions of negative affect and have higher rates of alcohol use and related problems. Results suggest that there were two significant indirect pathways from recreational consummatory anhedonia <emph>via</emph> negative urgency: one to alcohol use to problems, and the other from negative urgency directly to problems. The first path from recreational consummatory anhedonia to alcohol consumption <emph>via</emph> negative urgency continued to alcohol related problems. The overall relationship was negative, indicating that individuals with recreational consummatory anhedonia are overall less likely to engage in drinking to alleviate negative affect, opposing the original hypothesis. While the effects of negative urgency on alcohol outcomes were positive as expected, there was an unexpected inverse association between recreational consummatory anhedonia and negative urgency. In other words, individuals with high levels of recreational consummatory anhedonia were less likely to be impulsive.</p> <p>Further, recreational consummatory anhedonia also had a significant, negative indirect effect to alcohol problems <emph>via</emph> negative urgency, over and above alcohol use quantity. Overall, as anhedonia increases, alcohol problems appear to decrease regardless of how much alcohol is consumed. Recreational consummatory anhedonia remained significantly associated with alcohol use and alcohol problems while the effects of the other variables were controlled for. The measurement of recreational consummatory anhedonia specifically focuses on exciting or pleasurable stimuli and experiences (e.g., food, relaxation, hobbies, pastimes). These effects may be particularly impactful because of deficits in the underlying reward circuity,[[<reflink idref="bib6" id="ref111">6</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib8" id="ref112">8</reflink>]]<sups>,</sups>[<reflink idref="bib23" id="ref113">23</reflink>]<sups>,</sups>[<reflink idref="bib24" id="ref114">24</reflink>] which may also deter interest in alcohol. Thus, it is possible that individuals with recreational consummatory anhedonia may be less interested in alcohol, influencing less drinking and problems.</p> <p>Lastly, the associations between negative urgency and alcohol use and problems were positive, suggesting that higher levels of negative urgency are associated with more alcohol use and related problems. This is in line with previous literature that has indicated that individuals who drink in order to ameliorate negative affect tend to drink in larger quantities and experience more problems.[[<reflink idref="bib101" id="ref115">101</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib103" id="ref116">103</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib105" id="ref117">105</reflink>]] Further, previous literature supports the associations between negative urgency and alcohol related problems, over and above alcohol consumption. It has been observed that negative urgency can independently predict alcohol related problems, regardless of amount of alcohol consumed.[<reflink idref="bib107" id="ref118">107</reflink>] Although, there are also studies that show negative urgency relating to both alcohol consumption and related problems.[[<reflink idref="bib101" id="ref119">101</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib103" id="ref120">103</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib105" id="ref121">105</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib107" id="ref122">107</reflink>]] Further, the literature suggests that individuals that drink with the intention of relieving some psychological distress can experience more alcohol related consequences (e.g., more distress, poor social relationships, difficulties at work or school).[[<reflink idref="bib106" id="ref123">106</reflink>], [<reflink idref="bib108" id="ref124">108</reflink>]]</p> <hd id="AN0182848236-28">Strengths and limitations</hd> <p>The current study has several strengths. Of note, this study investigated anhedonia in depth, particularly parsing anhedonia into specific facets and exploring potential unique relationships with alcohol use and related problems. Further, this study controlled for depressive symptoms. Anhedonia is typically examined as a symptom of a psychiatric diagnosis; however, controlling for depression further emphasizes the impact of anhedonia in non-clinical samples. Additionally, the associations between anhedonia and impulsivity have been minimally researched together outside of clinical samples (e.g., schizophrenia, BPD); thus, this study provides more generalizable insight about these associations within the college population.</p> <p>There are also several potential limitations in the current study. First, due to the cross-sectional design of the study, causal inference cannot be made, and the hypothesized temporal pattern of the indirect pathways is uncertain. Further, it is important to note that there were high correlations between some of the facets of anhedonia observed in the correlation matrix. Specifically, there were notable correlations found among the facets of social anticipatory and social consummatory anhedonia. These high correlations indicate issues with discriminant validity between the social facets of anhedonia. However, unique associations were found between the social anticipatory facet of anhedonia and alcohol use and problems, but not for social consummatory anhedonia, suggesting that although there may be a degree in overlap in the constructs, they are still distinctive. Further, the authors made the decision to merge items from the anhedonia scales to further parse between "recreational," social, anticipatory, and consummatory anhedonia for the current study. Because this is not common practice across studies using these measures, this may be seen as a limitation. Finally, due to restrictions in power, the authors could not explore the associations with all aspects of impulsivity that may have also made theoretical sense (e.g., positive urgency); however, future studies would benefit from further exploring other components of impulsivity.</p> <hd id="AN0182848236-29">Conclusion</hd> <p>The current study tested a path model to explore whether different facets of anhedonia are associated with alcohol use and problems <emph>via</emph> sensation seeking and negative urgency in a sample of college students. This study highlighted interesting associations between several facets of anhedonia, impulsivity, and alcohol use. The results of this research have the potential to inform assessment and intervention approaches for the college population. For instance, assessing anhedonia could provide more in-depth information about reward deficits (e.g., anticipatory and consummatory reward) and to specific stimuli (e.g., social situations, recreational activities). In conjunction with assessing for impulsive behavior, this information could be predictive of alcohol use or other at-risk behaviors in this population. Further, it could help target intervention efforts for either anhedonia (e.g., behavioral activation, increasing intrinsically rewarding stimuli or activities) or impulsivity (e.g., CBT) to help reduce substance use.</p> <hd id="AN0182848236-30">Conflict of interest disclosure</hd> <p>The authors have no conflicts of interest to report. The authors confirm that the research presented in this article met the ethical guidelines, including adherence to the legal requirements, of United States and received approval from the Institutional Review Board of the University of South Dakota.</p> <hd id="AN0182848236-31">Data availability statement</hd> <p>The dataset analyzed for the current study is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.</p> <ref id="AN0182848236-32"> <title> References </title> <blist> <bibl id="bib1" idref="ref1" type="bt">1</bibl> <bibtext> Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Results from the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed tables. https://<ulink href="http://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2019-nsduh-detailed-tables">www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2019-nsduh-detailed-tables</ulink>. Published September 11, 2020. 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Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Anhedonia and Impulsivity in College Alcohol Use: A Path Analysis
– Name: Language
  Label: Language
  Group: Lang
  Data: English
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
  Group: Au
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sydney+N%2E+Stamatovich%22">Sydney N. Stamatovich</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3997-8642">0000-0002-3997-8642</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Raluca+M%2E+Simons%22">Raluca M. Simons</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jeffrey+S%2E+Simons%22">Jeffrey S. Simons</searchLink>
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Source
  Group: Src
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Journal+of+American+College+Health%22"><i>Journal of American College Health</i></searchLink>. 2025 73(2):835-845.
– Name: Avail
  Label: Availability
  Group: Avail
  Data: Taylor & Francis. Available from: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 530 Walnut Street Suite 850, Philadelphia, PA 19106. Tel: 800-354-1420; Tel: 215-625-8900; Fax: 215-207-0050; Web site: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals
– Name: PeerReviewed
  Label: Peer Reviewed
  Group: SrcInfo
  Data: Y
– Name: Pages
  Label: Page Count
  Group: Src
  Data: 11
– Name: DatePubCY
  Label: Publication Date
  Group: Date
  Data: 2025
– Name: TypeDocument
  Label: Document Type
  Group: TypDoc
  Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Research
– Name: Audience
  Label: Education Level
  Group: Audnce
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Higher+Education%22">Higher Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Postsecondary+Education%22">Postsecondary Education</searchLink>
– Name: Subject
  Label: Descriptors
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Drinking%22">Drinking</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Conceptual+Tempo%22">Conceptual Tempo</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22College+Students%22">College Students</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Correlation%22">Correlation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Behavior+Problems%22">Behavior Problems</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Depression+%28Psychology%29%22">Depression (Psychology)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Psychological+Patterns%22">Psychological Patterns</searchLink>
– Name: SubjectThesaurus
  Label: Assessment and Survey Identifiers
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SU" term="%22Center+for+Epidemiologic+Studies+Depression+Scale%22">Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale</searchLink>
– Name: DOI
  Label: DOI
  Group: ID
  Data: 10.1080/07448481.2023.2249116
– Name: ISSN
  Label: ISSN
  Group: ISSN
  Data: 0744-8481<br />1940-3208
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Objective: Alcohol use is a substantial problem among college students and has several negative consequences. The current study examined the associations between anhedonia and alcohol use and related problems "via" impulsive behavior (e.g., negative urgency, sensation seeking). We parsed anhedonia into four specific facets: consummatory, anticipatory, recreational, and social anhedonia. Participants: Six hundred and forty college students aged 18-25 were included in the final analysis. Method: Data were collected "via" Amazon Mechanical Turk. Self-report inventories assessing for anhedonia, alcohol use, impulsive behavior, and depressed mood were utilized. Results: Recreational consummatory anhedonia was negatively associated with alcohol use and alcohol-related problems through negative urgency. Recreational consummatory anhedonia also had significant negative associations with alcohol consumption "via" sensation seeking. Further, social anticipatory anhedonia was positively associated with alcohol use and related problems "via" negative urgency. Conclusions: This study highlights important associations between anhedonia, impulsivity, and alcohol use and related problems.
– Name: AbstractInfo
  Label: Abstractor
  Group: Ab
  Data: As Provided
– Name: DateEntry
  Label: Entry Date
  Group: Date
  Data: 2025
– Name: AN
  Label: Accession Number
  Group: ID
  Data: EJ1472887
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=eric&AN=EJ1472887
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1080/07448481.2023.2249116
    Languages:
      – Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 11
        StartPage: 835
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Drinking
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Conceptual Tempo
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: College Students
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Correlation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Behavior Problems
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Depression (Psychology)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Psychological Patterns
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Anhedonia and Impulsivity in College Alcohol Use: A Path Analysis
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          Name:
            NameFull: Sydney N. Stamatovich
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            NameFull: Raluca M. Simons
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            NameFull: Jeffrey S. Simons
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              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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              Value: 1940-3208
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              Value: 73
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            – TitleFull: Journal of American College Health
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