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Understanding Echoics: Identifying Predictive Indicators of Vocal Imitation

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Title: Understanding Echoics: Identifying Predictive Indicators of Vocal Imitation
Language: English
Authors: Lee Mason (ORCID 0000-0001-9431-9132), Alexis Bolds (ORCID 0009-0002-0860-8339), Maeve Gavagan, Chris Ninness (ORCID 0000-0003-3884-5327)
Source: Analysis of Verbal Behavior. 2025 41(1):84-100.
Availability: Springer. Available from: Springer Nature. One New York Plaza, Suite 4600, New York, NY 10004. Tel: 800-777-4643; Tel: 212-460-1500; Fax: 212-460-1700; e-mail: customerservice@springernature.com; Web site: https://link.springer.com/
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 17
Publication Date: 2025
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Descriptors: Repetition, Acoustics, Imitation, Autism Spectrum Disorders, Patients, Verbal Ability, Verbal Tests, Verbal Learning, Reinforcement, Speech Communication, Verbal Operant Conditioning
DOI: 10.1007/s40616-024-00213-7
ISSN: 0889-9401
2196-8926
Abstract: A growing body of literature supports the use of echoic prompts toward conditioning other functional language skills. However, many individuals with autism spectrum disorder do not emit echoic behavior. Identifying the prerequisite skills of an echoic repertoire may be beneficial for intervention planning and clinical decision making. A chart review was conducted for 118 patients with autism who received early intensive behavioral intervention. We examined the Level 1 scores on the "Verbal Behavior Milestones Assessment and Placement Program" (Sundberg, 2014) for all patients. Using their scores on the echoic skills subtest as a dependent variable, we ran a binomial logistic regression in which the remaining eight domains, along with age and sex, served as independent variables. Our logistic regression model was statistically significant: X[superscript 2](10) = 109.61, p < 0.001. The model explained 86.0% of the variance in echoic verbal behavior and correctly classified 95.8% of cases. Patients who demonstrated a mand repertoire were greater than 3.5 times more likely to also exhibit an echoic repertoire. Additionally, vocal play and motor imitation were associated with an increased ability to echo. Using binomial logistic regression, we identified three predictors influencing the echoic behavior of children with autism. Patients who demonstrated these three skills were statistically significantly more likely to echo the vocal verbal behavior of others. Additional research is now needed to confirm a functional relationship between each of these predictors and echoic control.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2025
Accession Number: EJ1478329
Database: ERIC
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  Data: A growing body of literature supports the use of echoic prompts toward conditioning other functional language skills. However, many individuals with autism spectrum disorder do not emit echoic behavior. Identifying the prerequisite skills of an echoic repertoire may be beneficial for intervention planning and clinical decision making. A chart review was conducted for 118 patients with autism who received early intensive behavioral intervention. We examined the Level 1 scores on the &quot;Verbal Behavior Milestones Assessment and Placement Program&quot; (Sundberg, 2014) for all patients. Using their scores on the echoic skills subtest as a dependent variable, we ran a binomial logistic regression in which the remaining eight domains, along with age and sex, served as independent variables. Our logistic regression model was statistically significant: X[superscript 2](10) = 109.61, p &lt; 0.001. The model explained 86.0% of the variance in echoic verbal behavior and correctly classified 95.8% of cases. Patients who demonstrated a mand repertoire were greater than 3.5 times more likely to also exhibit an echoic repertoire. Additionally, vocal play and motor imitation were associated with an increased ability to echo. Using binomial logistic regression, we identified three predictors influencing the echoic behavior of children with autism. Patients who demonstrated these three skills were statistically significantly more likely to echo the vocal verbal behavior of others. Additional research is now needed to confirm a functional relationship between each of these predictors and echoic control.
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