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Early Childhood Development Disparities, Comparative Analysis among Rural and Urban Tanzania

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Title: Early Childhood Development Disparities, Comparative Analysis among Rural and Urban Tanzania
Language: English
Authors: Ignas Lukanga, Suzana S. Nyanda
Source: Journal of Education and Learning. 2025 14(4):52-64.
Availability: Canadian Center of Science and Education. 1595 Sixteenth Ave Suite 301, Richmond Hill, Ontario, L4B 3N9 Canada. Tel: 416-642-2606; Fax: 416-642-2608; e-mail: jel@ccsenet.org; Web site: http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jel
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 13
Publication Date: 2025
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Descriptors: Early Intervention, Child Development, Rural Areas, Urban Areas, Foreign Countries, Rural Urban Differences, Literacy, Numeracy, Learning, Parent Role, Physical Development, Language Acquisition, Social Development, Emotional Development, Young Children
Geographic Terms: Tanzania
ISSN: 1927-5250
1927-5269
Abstract: Early childhood development (ECD) initiatives are championed globally due to their proven ability to help children at risk of developmental delay attain their developmental potential. A comparative study was conducted using a mixed research approach to assess child development disparities among rural and urban children across the domain of child development. The study was conducted in Ilemela municipal and Mvomero districts representing urban and rural settings. Quantitative data were collected using the adopted ZamCAT tool administered to 334 children randomly selected from the 2017 children enrolled in the community-based early childhood development (CBECD) initiative. While qualitative data were collected using focus group discussions with the parents (n = 4) and in-depth interviews (n = 14) with the key informants. Quantitative data were analysed using the SPSS (version 25), and a content analysis was employed to analyse the qualitative data. Findings indicated a significant difference in child development status between rural and urban children (p = 0.009). A noteworthy difference was in favour of rural children with a large effect size (n[superscript] = 0.142). Most children (90%) from rural settings were developmentally on track compared to urban children (79.7%). Furthermore, rural children outperformed urban children significantly in literacy numeracy (p = 0.000) and learning domains (p = 0.000). The observed disparities were due to more time invested by the parents from rural than the urban set-up on childcare. The study recommends that the government and ECD stakeholders engage in capacity strengthening for parents to ensure children attain their development potential.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2025
Accession Number: EJ1480442
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
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  Data: Early Childhood Development Disparities, Comparative Analysis among Rural and Urban Tanzania
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ignas+Lukanga%22">Ignas Lukanga</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Suzana+S%2E+Nyanda%22">Suzana S. Nyanda</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Journal+of+Education+and+Learning%22"><i>Journal of Education and Learning</i></searchLink>. 2025 14(4):52-64.
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  Data: Canadian Center of Science and Education. 1595 Sixteenth Ave Suite 301, Richmond Hill, Ontario, L4B 3N9 Canada. Tel: 416-642-2606; Fax: 416-642-2608; e-mail: jel@ccsenet.org; Web site: http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jel
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  Data: 13
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Early+Intervention%22">Early Intervention</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Child+Development%22">Child Development</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Rural+Areas%22">Rural Areas</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Urban+Areas%22">Urban Areas</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Foreign+Countries%22">Foreign Countries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Rural+Urban+Differences%22">Rural Urban Differences</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Literacy%22">Literacy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Numeracy%22">Numeracy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Learning%22">Learning</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Parent+Role%22">Parent Role</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Physical+Development%22">Physical Development</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Language+Acquisition%22">Language Acquisition</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Social+Development%22">Social Development</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Emotional+Development%22">Emotional Development</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Young+Children%22">Young Children</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Tanzania%22">Tanzania</searchLink>
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  Data: 1927-5250<br />1927-5269
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  Data: Early childhood development (ECD) initiatives are championed globally due to their proven ability to help children at risk of developmental delay attain their developmental potential. A comparative study was conducted using a mixed research approach to assess child development disparities among rural and urban children across the domain of child development. The study was conducted in Ilemela municipal and Mvomero districts representing urban and rural settings. Quantitative data were collected using the adopted ZamCAT tool administered to 334 children randomly selected from the 2017 children enrolled in the community-based early childhood development (CBECD) initiative. While qualitative data were collected using focus group discussions with the parents (n = 4) and in-depth interviews (n = 14) with the key informants. Quantitative data were analysed using the SPSS (version 25), and a content analysis was employed to analyse the qualitative data. Findings indicated a significant difference in child development status between rural and urban children (p = 0.009). A noteworthy difference was in favour of rural children with a large effect size (n[superscript] = 0.142). Most children (90%) from rural settings were developmentally on track compared to urban children (79.7%). Furthermore, rural children outperformed urban children significantly in literacy numeracy (p = 0.000) and learning domains (p = 0.000). The observed disparities were due to more time invested by the parents from rural than the urban set-up on childcare. The study recommends that the government and ECD stakeholders engage in capacity strengthening for parents to ensure children attain their development potential.
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      – Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 13
        StartPage: 52
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Early Intervention
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Child Development
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Rural Areas
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Urban Areas
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Foreign Countries
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Rural Urban Differences
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Literacy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Numeracy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Learning
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Parent Role
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Physical Development
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Language Acquisition
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      – SubjectFull: Social Development
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      – SubjectFull: Emotional Development
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      – SubjectFull: Young Children
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      – SubjectFull: Tanzania
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    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Early Childhood Development Disparities, Comparative Analysis among Rural and Urban Tanzania
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