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Guanxi Practice through Sensemaking: An Exploration of Private Tutoring Entrepreneurship in Chongqing, China and Its Policy Implications

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Title: Guanxi Practice through Sensemaking: An Exploration of Private Tutoring Entrepreneurship in Chongqing, China and Its Policy Implications
Language: English
Authors: Jun Li (ORCID 0000-0002-0753-6575), Magda Nutsa Kobakhidze (ORCID 0000-0002-5567-469X), Renxiang Tian (ORCID 0009-0007-6493-4776)
Source: European Journal of Education. 2025 60(3).
Availability: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 12
Publication Date: 2025
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Descriptors: Private Education, Tutoring, Entrepreneurship, Foreign Countries, Educational Policy, Social Networks
Geographic Terms: China
DOI: 10.1111/ejed.70184
ISSN: 0141-8211
1465-3435
Abstract: Based on a 16-month qualitative study, this article documents the diverse guanxi practices used by private tutoring entrepreneurs in Chongqing, China. It reveals how these entrepreneurs leverage their social connections to support their businesses. Informed by Karl Weick's theory of organising, we argue that guanxi practices are sensemaking processes that benefit entrepreneurs but may have adverse effects on the education market, policy regulation and education equality. This study contributes to and integrates sensemaking theory, guanxi theory and the literature on shadow education by conceptualising the practice of guanxi in the context of the private tutoring industry as a form of sensemaking. It also informs policymakers seeking to improve the regulation of the shadow education industry.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2025
Accession Number: EJ1481697
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
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  Data: Guanxi Practice through Sensemaking: An Exploration of Private Tutoring Entrepreneurship in Chongqing, China and Its Policy Implications
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jun+Li%22">Jun Li</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0753-6575">0000-0002-0753-6575</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Magda+Nutsa+Kobakhidze%22">Magda Nutsa Kobakhidze</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5567-469X">0000-0002-5567-469X</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Renxiang+Tian%22">Renxiang Tian</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6493-4776">0009-0007-6493-4776</externalLink>)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22European+Journal+of+Education%22"><i>European Journal of Education</i></searchLink>. 2025 60(3).
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  Data: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
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  Data: Y
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  Data: 12
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Private+Education%22">Private Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Tutoring%22">Tutoring</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Entrepreneurship%22">Entrepreneurship</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Foreign+Countries%22">Foreign Countries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Educational+Policy%22">Educational Policy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Social+Networks%22">Social Networks</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22China%22">China</searchLink>
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  Data: 10.1111/ejed.70184
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  Data: 0141-8211<br />1465-3435
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  Data: Based on a 16-month qualitative study, this article documents the diverse guanxi practices used by private tutoring entrepreneurs in Chongqing, China. It reveals how these entrepreneurs leverage their social connections to support their businesses. Informed by Karl Weick's theory of organising, we argue that guanxi practices are sensemaking processes that benefit entrepreneurs but may have adverse effects on the education market, policy regulation and education equality. This study contributes to and integrates sensemaking theory, guanxi theory and the literature on shadow education by conceptualising the practice of guanxi in the context of the private tutoring industry as a form of sensemaking. It also informs policymakers seeking to improve the regulation of the shadow education industry.
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      – SubjectFull: Private Education
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Tutoring
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Entrepreneurship
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Foreign Countries
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      – SubjectFull: Educational Policy
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      – SubjectFull: Social Networks
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      – SubjectFull: China
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Guanxi Practice through Sensemaking: An Exploration of Private Tutoring Entrepreneurship in Chongqing, China and Its Policy Implications
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            NameFull: Jun Li
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            NameFull: Magda Nutsa Kobakhidze
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            NameFull: Renxiang Tian
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              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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