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Latent Profiles of Early Language Development in a Large Finnish-Speaking Sample of the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study

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Title: Latent Profiles of Early Language Development in a Large Finnish-Speaking Sample of the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study
Language: English
Authors: Essi Saloranta (ORCID 0000-0002-3689-1904), Akie Yada (ORCID 0000-0003-1944-6793), Stewart McCauley (ORCID 0000-0001-8033-6468), Aura Yli-Savola, Satu Savo (ORCID 0000-0001-7092-6333), Kati Renvall (ORCID 0000-0002-3329-4602), Eeva Eskola (ORCID 0000-0001-8364-399X), Michelle Fernandes (ORCID 0000-0002-0051-3389), Riikka Korja (ORCID 0000-0002-6833-1565), Hasse Karlsson (ORCID 0000-0002-4992-1893), Linnea Karlsson (ORCID 0000-0002-4725-0176), Elina Mainela-Arnold (ORCID 0000-0002-0142-6412)
Source: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 2025 68(8):3989-4005.
Availability: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. 2200 Research Blvd #250, Rockville, MD 20850. Tel: 301-296-5700; Fax: 301-296-8580; e-mail: slhr@asha.org; Web site: http://jslhr.pubs.asha.org
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 17
Publication Date: 2025
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Finno Ugric Languages, Language Acquisition, Infants, Toddlers, Preschool Children, Individual Characteristics, Family Characteristics, Gender Differences, Pregnancy, Socioeconomic Status, Birth Order, Language Impairments, Language Skills
Geographic Terms: Finland
Assessment and Survey Identifiers: MacArthur Bates Communicative Development Inventories, Reynell Developmental Language Scales, Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence
DOI: 10.1044/2025_JSLHR-24-00767
ISSN: 1092-4388
1558-9102
Abstract: Purpose: Research on early language development has primarily used two categories to group at-risk children, differing by the age at which risk is identified. Late talkers are toddlers with late onset of language development, some of whom may catch up with peers. Developmental language disorder is used to refer to children above the age of 4 years. To this day, the longitudinal relationship between the two categories remains unclear. In this study, we explored early language trajectories in a large birth cohort using exploratory methodology to gain better understanding of the types and prevalence of language trajectories from 14 months to 5 years of age, with particular interest in risk trajectories that cluster statistically. Method: We conducted latent profile analysis (LPA) on seven language variables collected between 1 and 5 years of age (N = 1,281). Multinomial logistic regression procedure was used to identify child and family characteristics that predicted profile memberships. Results: The LPA yielded three profiles of language development described as "persistent low, stable average," and "stable high." Female sex, longer duration of pregnancy, and higher maternal socioeconomic status increased the odds of belonging to the stable high-language profile, whereas male sex and not being first born increased the odds of belonging to persistent low language profile. Conclusions: Contrary to previous research, we did not observe increasing or decreasing profiles, suggesting that toddler language difficulties tend to persist at age 5 years, at least in this birth cohort. This suggests commencing language intervention early instead of the wait-and-see approach.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2025
Accession Number: EJ1482202
Database: ERIC
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  Data: Latent Profiles of Early Language Development in a Large Finnish-Speaking Sample of the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Essi+Saloranta%22">Essi Saloranta</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3689-1904">0000-0002-3689-1904</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Akie+Yada%22">Akie Yada</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1944-6793">0000-0003-1944-6793</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Stewart+McCauley%22">Stewart McCauley</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8033-6468">0000-0001-8033-6468</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Aura+Yli-Savola%22">Aura Yli-Savola</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Satu+Savo%22">Satu Savo</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7092-6333">0000-0001-7092-6333</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kati+Renvall%22">Kati Renvall</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3329-4602">0000-0002-3329-4602</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Eeva+Eskola%22">Eeva Eskola</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8364-399X">0000-0001-8364-399X</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Michelle+Fernandes%22">Michelle Fernandes</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0051-3389">0000-0002-0051-3389</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Riikka+Korja%22">Riikka Korja</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6833-1565">0000-0002-6833-1565</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hasse+Karlsson%22">Hasse Karlsson</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4992-1893">0000-0002-4992-1893</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Linnea+Karlsson%22">Linnea Karlsson</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4725-0176">0000-0002-4725-0176</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Elina+Mainela-Arnold%22">Elina Mainela-Arnold</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0142-6412">0000-0002-0142-6412</externalLink>)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Journal+of+Speech%2C+Language%2C+and+Hearing+Research%22"><i>Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research</i></searchLink>. 2025 68(8):3989-4005.
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  Data: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. 2200 Research Blvd #250, Rockville, MD 20850. Tel: 301-296-5700; Fax: 301-296-8580; e-mail: slhr@asha.org; Web site: http://jslhr.pubs.asha.org
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  Data: 17
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  Data: 2025
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  Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Research
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Foreign+Countries%22">Foreign Countries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Finno+Ugric+Languages%22">Finno Ugric Languages</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Language+Acquisition%22">Language Acquisition</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Infants%22">Infants</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Toddlers%22">Toddlers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Preschool+Children%22">Preschool Children</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Individual+Characteristics%22">Individual Characteristics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Family+Characteristics%22">Family Characteristics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Gender+Differences%22">Gender Differences</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Pregnancy%22">Pregnancy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Socioeconomic+Status%22">Socioeconomic Status</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Birth+Order%22">Birth Order</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Language+Impairments%22">Language Impairments</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Language+Skills%22">Language Skills</searchLink>
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  Label: Geographic Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Finland%22">Finland</searchLink>
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  Label: Assessment and Survey Identifiers
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SU" term="%22MacArthur+Bates+Communicative+Development+Inventories%22">MacArthur Bates Communicative Development Inventories</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="SU" term="%22Reynell+Developmental+Language+Scales%22">Reynell Developmental Language Scales</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="SU" term="%22Wechsler+Preschool+and+Primary+Scale+of+Intelligence%22">Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence</searchLink>
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  Data: 10.1044/2025_JSLHR-24-00767
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  Data: 1092-4388<br />1558-9102
– Name: Abstract
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  Data: Purpose: Research on early language development has primarily used two categories to group at-risk children, differing by the age at which risk is identified. Late talkers are toddlers with late onset of language development, some of whom may catch up with peers. Developmental language disorder is used to refer to children above the age of 4 years. To this day, the longitudinal relationship between the two categories remains unclear. In this study, we explored early language trajectories in a large birth cohort using exploratory methodology to gain better understanding of the types and prevalence of language trajectories from 14 months to 5 years of age, with particular interest in risk trajectories that cluster statistically. Method: We conducted latent profile analysis (LPA) on seven language variables collected between 1 and 5 years of age (N = 1,281). Multinomial logistic regression procedure was used to identify child and family characteristics that predicted profile memberships. Results: The LPA yielded three profiles of language development described as "persistent low, stable average," and "stable high." Female sex, longer duration of pregnancy, and higher maternal socioeconomic status increased the odds of belonging to the stable high-language profile, whereas male sex and not being first born increased the odds of belonging to persistent low language profile. Conclusions: Contrary to previous research, we did not observe increasing or decreasing profiles, suggesting that toddler language difficulties tend to persist at age 5 years, at least in this birth cohort. This suggests commencing language intervention early instead of the wait-and-see approach.
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  Data: 2025
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