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School Violence Is More than Physical: The Association between Intersecting Identities and Perceptions of School Climate

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Title: School Violence Is More than Physical: The Association between Intersecting Identities and Perceptions of School Climate
Language: English
Authors: Michayla D. Mack (ORCID 0009-0003-0490-8294), Sanna King, David C. May
Source: Youth & Society. 2025 57(7):1183-1209.
Availability: SAGE Publications. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. Tel: 800-818-7243; Tel: 805-499-9774; Fax: 800-583-2665; e-mail: journals@sagepub.com; Web site: https://sagepub.com
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 27
Publication Date: 2025
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Education Level: Secondary Education
Descriptors: Secondary School Students, Student Attitudes, Educational Environment, Violence, Mental Disorders, Students with Disabilities, Suspension, Expulsion, At Risk Students, Instructional Program Divisions, Ability, Sexual Orientation, Gender Differences, Socioeconomic Status, LGBTQ People, Racial Differences, Ethnicity, Predictor Variables, School Personnel, Sense of Belonging, Interpersonal Relationship
DOI: 10.1177/0044118X251318041
ISSN: 0044-118X
1552-8499
Abstract: This study examines middle and high school students' perceptions of school climate using an intersectional theoretical framework. Participants include 812 middle and high school students across the United States. Using exploratory factor analysis, we created indexes to regress perceptions of school climate across four subscales on variables known to impact school climate. Our intersectional analysis highlights how students' various identities beyond sex and race impact school experiences and perceptions of school climate. Findings suggest that students diagnosed by a mental health professional, students placed in special education, and students that have been suspended and/or expelled are more likely to perceive their school climate as unfavorable across the school climate subscales and school-to-prison pipeline demographic variables. The inclusion of demographic variables in our analysis like grade, ability, and sexual orientation suggest students' school experiences and perceptions of school climate vary immensely thus providing important implications for researchers, school administrators and policymakers.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2025
Accession Number: EJ1482435
Database: ERIC
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  Data: School Violence Is More than Physical: The Association between Intersecting Identities and Perceptions of School Climate
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Michayla+D%2E+Mack%22">Michayla D. Mack</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0490-8294">0009-0003-0490-8294</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sanna+King%22">Sanna King</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22David+C%2E+May%22">David C. May</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Youth+%26+Society%22"><i>Youth & Society</i></searchLink>. 2025 57(7):1183-1209.
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  Data: SAGE Publications. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. Tel: 800-818-7243; Tel: 805-499-9774; Fax: 800-583-2665; e-mail: journals@sagepub.com; Web site: https://sagepub.com
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  Data: 27
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  Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Research
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Secondary+Education%22">Secondary Education</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Secondary+School+Students%22">Secondary School Students</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Student+Attitudes%22">Student Attitudes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Educational+Environment%22">Educational Environment</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Violence%22">Violence</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mental+Disorders%22">Mental Disorders</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Students+with+Disabilities%22">Students with Disabilities</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Suspension%22">Suspension</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Expulsion%22">Expulsion</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22At+Risk+Students%22">At Risk Students</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Instructional+Program+Divisions%22">Instructional Program Divisions</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ability%22">Ability</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sexual+Orientation%22">Sexual Orientation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Gender+Differences%22">Gender Differences</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Socioeconomic+Status%22">Socioeconomic Status</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22LGBTQ+People%22">LGBTQ People</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Racial+Differences%22">Racial Differences</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ethnicity%22">Ethnicity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Predictor+Variables%22">Predictor Variables</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22School+Personnel%22">School Personnel</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sense+of+Belonging%22">Sense of Belonging</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Interpersonal+Relationship%22">Interpersonal Relationship</searchLink>
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  Data: 10.1177/0044118X251318041
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  Data: 0044-118X<br />1552-8499
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  Data: This study examines middle and high school students' perceptions of school climate using an intersectional theoretical framework. Participants include 812 middle and high school students across the United States. Using exploratory factor analysis, we created indexes to regress perceptions of school climate across four subscales on variables known to impact school climate. Our intersectional analysis highlights how students' various identities beyond sex and race impact school experiences and perceptions of school climate. Findings suggest that students diagnosed by a mental health professional, students placed in special education, and students that have been suspended and/or expelled are more likely to perceive their school climate as unfavorable across the school climate subscales and school-to-prison pipeline demographic variables. The inclusion of demographic variables in our analysis like grade, ability, and sexual orientation suggest students' school experiences and perceptions of school climate vary immensely thus providing important implications for researchers, school administrators and policymakers.
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  Data: 2025
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  Data: EJ1482435
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        Value: 10.1177/0044118X251318041
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      – Text: English
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        PageCount: 27
        StartPage: 1183
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      – SubjectFull: Secondary School Students
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Student Attitudes
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      – SubjectFull: Educational Environment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Violence
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      – SubjectFull: Mental Disorders
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      – SubjectFull: Students with Disabilities
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      – SubjectFull: Suspension
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      – SubjectFull: Expulsion
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      – SubjectFull: At Risk Students
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      – SubjectFull: Instructional Program Divisions
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      – SubjectFull: Ability
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      – SubjectFull: Sexual Orientation
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      – SubjectFull: LGBTQ People
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      – SubjectFull: Ethnicity
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      – SubjectFull: Predictor Variables
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      – SubjectFull: School Personnel
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      – SubjectFull: Sense of Belonging
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      – SubjectFull: Interpersonal Relationship
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      – TitleFull: School Violence Is More than Physical: The Association between Intersecting Identities and Perceptions of School Climate
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              Y: 2025
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