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Effects of Task Instructions on Predictive Eye Movements and Word Recognition during Second Language Sentence Comprehension

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Title: Effects of Task Instructions on Predictive Eye Movements and Word Recognition during Second Language Sentence Comprehension
Language: English
Authors: Aine Ito (ORCID 0000-0003-4408-8801)
Source: Language Learning. 2025 75(3):801-831.
Availability: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 31
Publication Date: 2025
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Descriptors: Eye Movements, Word Recognition, Second Language Learning, Sentences, Reading Comprehension, English (Second Language), Prediction, Reading Processes, Verbs, Interference (Learning), Accuracy
DOI: 10.1111/lang.12684
ISSN: 0023-8333
1467-9922
Abstract: This study tested whether encouraging prediction enhances prediction in second language (L2) speakers. L2 English speakers listened to English sentences like "The woman … will read/buy one of the newspapers" while viewing the target (a newspaper) and distractor objects (a rose, a bowl, and a mango) on a screen and clicked on the target as quickly as possible. The target was predictable ("read") or unpredictable ("buy") from the verb meaning. Participants looked at the target longer and were quicker to move the mouse to it when instructed to predict sentence continuation than when they were merely instructed to comprehend sentences. This result held true both when the target was predictable and unpredictable. Furthermore, only when instructed to predict did the participants make more clicking errors when the target was unpredictable than predictable, which suggested that encouraging prediction can interfere with word recognition accuracy in unpredictable contexts due to reduced cognitive resources or failed predictions.
Abstractor: As Provided
Notes: https://osf.io/rwjds
Entry Date: 2025
Accession Number: EJ1484378
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
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  Data: Effects of Task Instructions on Predictive Eye Movements and Word Recognition during Second Language Sentence Comprehension
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  Data: English
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Aine+Ito%22">Aine Ito</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4408-8801">0000-0003-4408-8801</externalLink>)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Language+Learning%22"><i>Language Learning</i></searchLink>. 2025 75(3):801-831.
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  Data: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
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  Data: Y
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  Data: 31
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  Data: 2025
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  Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Research
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Eye+Movements%22">Eye Movements</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Word+Recognition%22">Word Recognition</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Second+Language+Learning%22">Second Language Learning</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sentences%22">Sentences</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Reading+Comprehension%22">Reading Comprehension</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22English+%28Second+Language%29%22">English (Second Language)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Prediction%22">Prediction</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Reading+Processes%22">Reading Processes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Verbs%22">Verbs</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Interference+%28Learning%29%22">Interference (Learning)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Accuracy%22">Accuracy</searchLink>
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  Data: 10.1111/lang.12684
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  Data: 0023-8333<br />1467-9922
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: This study tested whether encouraging prediction enhances prediction in second language (L2) speakers. L2 English speakers listened to English sentences like "The woman … will read/buy one of the newspapers" while viewing the target (a newspaper) and distractor objects (a rose, a bowl, and a mango) on a screen and clicked on the target as quickly as possible. The target was predictable ("read") or unpredictable ("buy") from the verb meaning. Participants looked at the target longer and were quicker to move the mouse to it when instructed to predict sentence continuation than when they were merely instructed to comprehend sentences. This result held true both when the target was predictable and unpredictable. Furthermore, only when instructed to predict did the participants make more clicking errors when the target was unpredictable than predictable, which suggested that encouraging prediction can interfere with word recognition accuracy in unpredictable contexts due to reduced cognitive resources or failed predictions.
– Name: AbstractInfo
  Label: Abstractor
  Group: Ab
  Data: As Provided
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  Label: Notes
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  Data: https://osf.io/rwjds
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  Data: 2025
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  Data: EJ1484378
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        Value: 10.1111/lang.12684
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      – Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 31
        StartPage: 801
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Eye Movements
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Word Recognition
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Second Language Learning
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sentences
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Reading Comprehension
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: English (Second Language)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Prediction
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Reading Processes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Verbs
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Interference (Learning)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Accuracy
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Effects of Task Instructions on Predictive Eye Movements and Word Recognition during Second Language Sentence Comprehension
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              M: 09
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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