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Voluntary Restriction or Freedom to Flourish? Self-Regulation of Commercial Tutoring Providers for Managing Shadow Education

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Title: Voluntary Restriction or Freedom to Flourish? Self-Regulation of Commercial Tutoring Providers for Managing Shadow Education
Language: English
Authors: Mohan Dhall (ORCID 0000-0002-3809-2663)
Source: European Journal of Education. 2025 60(4).
Availability: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 20
Publication Date: 2025
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Descriptors: Tutoring, Private Education, Governance, Foreign Countries
Geographic Terms: United States, Australia, United Kingdom, South Africa, Canada, Japan, Taiwan, Germany, Greece, New Zealand, Singapore, Malaysia, India, Hong Kong
DOI: 10.1111/ejed.70244
ISSN: 0141-8211
1465-3435
Abstract: Private tutoring, also called private supplementary education or shadow education, has experienced rapid growth in the past two decades. As the phenomenon has expanded globally, so too has the academic literature calling for understanding and effective governance of the sector. Concerns about the deleterious effects of private supplementary tutoring on mainstream education and on wider society have led to calls for regulatory responses by governments at different levels. Such responses could address, among other things, corruption, amplified social stratification, consumer protection, and employee protection. Most governments take a hands-off approach, leaving the industry largely unencumbered by particularised regulations. Between a laissez-faire approach and government regulation lies self-regulation, perhaps government-supported. The self-regulation of tutoring markets, featuring peak representative bodies, may bring accountability through the articulation of codes of practice and standards of conduct. In this international study, varying approaches to self-regulation are explored. Drawing on both the academic and grey literature, this paper assesses approaches by nine self-regulating tutoring bodies in seven countries. The study stresses the place of 'self-regulation' as a policy option for consideration in the literature on shadow education.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2025
Accession Number: EJ1490204
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
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  Data: Voluntary Restriction or Freedom to Flourish? Self-Regulation of Commercial Tutoring Providers for Managing Shadow Education
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mohan+Dhall%22">Mohan Dhall</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3809-2663">0000-0002-3809-2663</externalLink>)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22European+Journal+of+Education%22"><i>European Journal of Education</i></searchLink>. 2025 60(4).
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  Data: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Tutoring%22">Tutoring</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Private+Education%22">Private Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Governance%22">Governance</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Foreign+Countries%22">Foreign Countries</searchLink>
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  Data: Private tutoring, also called private supplementary education or shadow education, has experienced rapid growth in the past two decades. As the phenomenon has expanded globally, so too has the academic literature calling for understanding and effective governance of the sector. Concerns about the deleterious effects of private supplementary tutoring on mainstream education and on wider society have led to calls for regulatory responses by governments at different levels. Such responses could address, among other things, corruption, amplified social stratification, consumer protection, and employee protection. Most governments take a hands-off approach, leaving the industry largely unencumbered by particularised regulations. Between a laissez-faire approach and government regulation lies self-regulation, perhaps government-supported. The self-regulation of tutoring markets, featuring peak representative bodies, may bring accountability through the articulation of codes of practice and standards of conduct. In this international study, varying approaches to self-regulation are explored. Drawing on both the academic and grey literature, this paper assesses approaches by nine self-regulating tutoring bodies in seven countries. The study stresses the place of 'self-regulation' as a policy option for consideration in the literature on shadow education.
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    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Tutoring
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Private Education
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      – SubjectFull: Hong Kong
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      – TitleFull: Voluntary Restriction or Freedom to Flourish? Self-Regulation of Commercial Tutoring Providers for Managing Shadow Education
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