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Three Decades of Shadow Education in Malaysia: The Changing Landscape of Private Supplementary Tutoring

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Title: Three Decades of Shadow Education in Malaysia: The Changing Landscape of Private Supplementary Tutoring
Language: English
Authors: James ChunHan Loi (ORCID 0000-0003-4587-9154), Stephen John Quinn (ORCID 0000-0002-1306-9686), Ida Fatimawati Adi Badiozaman (ORCID 0000-0002-4350-5960)
Source: European Journal of Education. 2025 60(4).
Availability: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 13
Publication Date: 2025
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Tutoring, Private Education, Supplementary Education, Educational Change, COVID-19, Pandemics, Student Participation, Educational Trends, Commercialization
Geographic Terms: Malaysia
DOI: 10.1111/ejed.70299
ISSN: 0141-8211
1465-3435
Abstract: ABSTRACT Global research on shadow education has gained significant attention over the past three decades. The term was coined in a 1991 research project report in Malaysia, but, despite expanded global research, little follow-up research was conducted in that country. Drawing on a comparative analysis of senior secondary students surveyed in 2022 (n = 3568) against 1991 baseline data, this study highlights evolving patterns in shadow education participation in Malaysia, including the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic. While the percentage of students engaging in shadow education shown by the 2022 data had fallen, possibly due to COVID-19 pandemic-related measures, the durations of the engagement of those with shadow education had greatly increased. The shadow education sector in Malaysia has become more commercialised and better organised. The study concludes that shadow education will likely remain a feature of the Malaysian landscape for the foreseeable future.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2025
Accession Number: EJ1490387
Database: ERIC
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  Data: Three Decades of Shadow Education in Malaysia: The Changing Landscape of Private Supplementary Tutoring
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22James+ChunHan+Loi%22">James ChunHan Loi</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4587-9154">0000-0003-4587-9154</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Stephen+John+Quinn%22">Stephen John Quinn</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1306-9686">0000-0002-1306-9686</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ida+Fatimawati+Adi+Badiozaman%22">Ida Fatimawati Adi Badiozaman</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4350-5960">0000-0002-4350-5960</externalLink>)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22European+Journal+of+Education%22"><i>European Journal of Education</i></searchLink>. 2025 60(4).
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  Data: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
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  Data: Y
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  Data: 13
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  Data: 2025
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  Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Research
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Foreign+Countries%22">Foreign Countries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Tutoring%22">Tutoring</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Private+Education%22">Private Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Supplementary+Education%22">Supplementary Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Educational+Change%22">Educational Change</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22COVID-19%22">COVID-19</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Pandemics%22">Pandemics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Student+Participation%22">Student Participation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Educational+Trends%22">Educational Trends</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Commercialization%22">Commercialization</searchLink>
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  Label: Geographic Terms
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Malaysia%22">Malaysia</searchLink>
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  Data: 10.1111/ejed.70299
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  Data: 0141-8211<br />1465-3435
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: ABSTRACT Global research on shadow education has gained significant attention over the past three decades. The term was coined in a 1991 research project report in Malaysia, but, despite expanded global research, little follow-up research was conducted in that country. Drawing on a comparative analysis of senior secondary students surveyed in 2022 (n = 3568) against 1991 baseline data, this study highlights evolving patterns in shadow education participation in Malaysia, including the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic. While the percentage of students engaging in shadow education shown by the 2022 data had fallen, possibly due to COVID-19 pandemic-related measures, the durations of the engagement of those with shadow education had greatly increased. The shadow education sector in Malaysia has become more commercialised and better organised. The study concludes that shadow education will likely remain a feature of the Malaysian landscape for the foreseeable future.
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        Value: 10.1111/ejed.70299
    Languages:
      – Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 13
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Foreign Countries
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Tutoring
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Private Education
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Supplementary Education
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Educational Change
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: COVID-19
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Pandemics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Student Participation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Educational Trends
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Commercialization
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Malaysia
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Three Decades of Shadow Education in Malaysia: The Changing Landscape of Private Supplementary Tutoring
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            NameFull: James ChunHan Loi
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            NameFull: Stephen John Quinn
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            NameFull: Ida Fatimawati Adi Badiozaman
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              M: 12
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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              Value: 60
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