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Influence of Parental Support on the Physical Activity Level of Children with Physical Disabilities

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Title: Influence of Parental Support on the Physical Activity Level of Children with Physical Disabilities
Language: English
Authors: Aryelle Malheiros Caruzzo (ORCID 0000-0002-5905-5167), Viviany da Silva Brugnhago (ORCID 0000-0001-6557-6850), Bruno Marson Malagodi (ORCID 0000-0002-1060-2983), Claudia Godoy Dias (ORCID 0000-0003-1739-2488), Marcia Greguol (ORCID 0000-0002-3711-8120)
Source: International Journal of Disability, Development and Education. 2025 72(6):1017-1032.
Availability: Routledge. Available from: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 530 Walnut Street Suite 850, Philadelphia, PA 19106. Tel: 800-354-1420; Tel: 215-625-8900; Fax: 215-207-0050; Web site: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 16
Publication Date: 2025
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Descriptors: Parent Role, Physical Activity Level, Children, Physical Disabilities, Mothers, Life Style, Childrens Attitudes, Correlation, Age Differences, Gender Differences, Parent Attitudes, Preadolescents, Foreign Countries
Geographic Terms: Brazil
DOI: 10.1080/1034912X.2024.2388084
ISSN: 1034-912X
1465-346X
Abstract: The practice of physical activities is essential for maintaining the health of children and adults. However, among people with disabilities, there is a high prevalence of physical inactivity, especially among children, mainly due to the lack of access to specific programs aimed at their possibilities. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the influence of parental support in the practice of physical activities of children with physical disabilities. Thirty-five children with physical disabilities and their mothers participated in the study. The children and mothers separately answered questionnaires to assess their usual level of physical activity and their perception of parental support for physical activity. The results showed that parental support had a positive relationship with the level of physical activity in younger children. No significant differences were observed in reported and perceived parental support when comparisons were performed according to sex, age group, and type of locomotion. Considering the physical activity level of the mothers, the average result showed an insufficient amount of practice, however the mothers attributed high importance to the physical activity practice of their children.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2025
Accession Number: EJ1490607
Database: ERIC
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  Value: <anid>AN0187437674;54q01sep.25;2025Aug22.05:48;v2.2.500</anid> <title id="AN0187437674-1">Influence of Parental Support on the Physical Activity Level of Children with Physical Disabilities </title> <p>The practice of physical activities is essential for maintaining the health of children and adults. However, among people with disabilities, there is a high prevalence of physical inactivity, especially among children, mainly due to the lack of access to specific programs aimed at their possibilities. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the influence of parental support in the practice of physical activities of children with physical disabilities. Thirty-five children with physical disabilities and their mothers participated in the study. The children and mothers separately answered questionnaires to assess their usual level of physical activity and their perception of parental support for physical activity. The results showed that parental support had a positive relationship with the level of physical activity in younger children. No significant differences were observed in reported and perceived parental support when comparisons were performed according to sex, age group, and type of locomotion. Considering the physical activity level of the mothers, the average result showed an insufficient amount of practice, however the mothers attributed high importance to the physical activity practice of their children.</p> <p>Keywords: Physical activity; parental support; children with disability</p> <hd id="AN0187437674-2">Introduction</hd> <p>Children with physical disabilities experience mobility restrictions at different levels and usually exhibit a sedentary lifestyle, which puts them at a higher risk for the development of comorbidities (Supramaniam et al., [<reflink idref="bib52" id="ref1">52</reflink>]). Regular physical activity is recognised as fundamental to the global development of children and this is also true for children with physical disabilities (Bloemen et al., [<reflink idref="bib8" id="ref2">8</reflink>]; Martin, [<reflink idref="bib32" id="ref3">32</reflink>]). In addition to the improvements observed in physical fitness variables, adequate levels of physical activity provide benefits in indicators of autonomy, mobility, perception of quality of life, mental health and social inclusion (Supramaniam et al., [<reflink idref="bib52" id="ref4">52</reflink>]). Still, the physically active lifestyle can prevent comorbidities associated with the disability, as well as protect against the onset of chronic diseases in adulthood (Sit et al., [<reflink idref="bib48" id="ref5">48</reflink>]).</p> <p>Current recommendations point to similar guidelines on the need for physical activity for children with and without disabilities, advocating a minimum of 60 minutes daily in leisure, locomotion, exercise and/or sports activities, respecting the individuality of each child (Amini et al., [<reflink idref="bib2" id="ref6">2</reflink>]; Bull et al., [<reflink idref="bib10" id="ref7">10</reflink>]). However, despite the potential recognised benefits, the prevalence of physical inactivity among children with physical disabilities is still high (Sit et al., [<reflink idref="bib49" id="ref8">49</reflink>]) and this fact must be analysed from the perspective of a series of environmental, social and personal barriers (Alghamdi & Alsaigh, [<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref9">1</reflink>]).</p> <p>Literature points out that factors such as the difficulty in architectural accessibility and transportation, the lack of appropriate materials and qualified professionals, low self -confidence and lack of support from family and friends are strong barriers that make it difficult or prevent the adherence of children with motor disability in regular physical activity (Li et al., [<reflink idref="bib28" id="ref10">28</reflink>]). On the other hand, some possible determinants for the practice of physical activity can be identified. Li et al. ([<reflink idref="bib28" id="ref11">28</reflink>]), in their review study, pointed to factors that can act positively on the practice of physical activity by children with disabilities, with emphasis on greater motor function, accessible environments and equipment, trained professionals, physically active family members and social support. Particularly regarding social support, the literature indicates that the company of friends or family to practice physical activity, in addition to encouragement from parents, are factors that positively influence the habits of children with disabilities (Alghamdi & Alsaigh, [<reflink idref="bib1" id="ref12">1</reflink>], Sit et al., [<reflink idref="bib28" id="ref13">28</reflink>])</p> <p>Authors claim that the family can be considered a primordial social agent for the development of children and adolescents, attributing a great influence of the family environment on the level of physical activity and health of young people with or without disabilities (Shen et al., [<reflink idref="bib43" id="ref14">43</reflink>]).</p> <p>According to Pitchford et al. ([<reflink idref="bib40" id="ref15">40</reflink>]), parents are generally the first direct source of information on health education. In this context, parents could influence their children's physical activity, either through their own model (physically active parents, especially when they perform an activity together with their children, inspiring them to adopt similar behaviours) or through their beliefs and expectations regarding the importance of physical activity for their children (Lisboa et al., [<reflink idref="bib30" id="ref16">30</reflink>]). Pan et al. ([<reflink idref="bib39" id="ref17">39</reflink>]) emphasise that family members are also the main companions for leisure activities among children and adolescents. This context is much stronger for children and adolescents with disabilities, as they often have a greater degree of dependence on their parents for their displacement and to engage in leisure activities (Columna et al., [<reflink idref="bib13" id="ref18">13</reflink>]; Sur et al., [<reflink idref="bib53" id="ref19">53</reflink>]).</p> <p>Thus, it can be stated that the family environment is a context that acts in child development, especially for children with disabilities, who need greater parental involvement in their care and stimulation (Azevedo & Della Barba, [<reflink idref="bib3" id="ref20">3</reflink>]; James et al., [<reflink idref="bib24" id="ref21">24</reflink>]). There is consensus in the literature on the adequate importance of parental support for the biopsychosocial development of children and adolescents, being considered a protective factor to aspects related to disorders in childhood and adulthood (Dessen, [<reflink idref="bib18" id="ref22">18</reflink>]). In this sense, parental behaviour can facilitate or hinder the process of including children with disabilities in social and sports activities (Azevedo & Della Barba, [<reflink idref="bib3" id="ref23">3</reflink>]).</p> <p>In this perspective, Parental Support is a theory that looks directly at the important source of support and guidance that children and young people receive from their parents and guardians in relation to several important aspects for their development during childhood/adolescence, such as engagement in physical activities, for example (Ku & Jin, [<reflink idref="bib27" id="ref24">27</reflink>]). Several researchers point out that parents are important agents in determining their children's physical activity levels (Beach et al., [<reflink idref="bib6" id="ref25">6</reflink>]; Martin & Choi, [<reflink idref="bib33" id="ref26">33</reflink>]; Trost et al., [<reflink idref="bib54" id="ref27">54</reflink>]). Duncan et al. ([<reflink idref="bib19" id="ref28">19</reflink>]) further add that children with greater support from their family members tend to participate more actively in sports activities, and that family members, especially parents, play an important role in children's health development (Beach et al., [<reflink idref="bib6" id="ref29">6</reflink>]; Mendonça et al., [<reflink idref="bib34" id="ref30">34</reflink>]; Trost et al., [<reflink idref="bib54" id="ref31">54</reflink>]).</p> <p>The literature supports the importance of encouraging parents to practice physical and sports activities for children with disabilities and the significance of the support received (Delvert et al., [<reflink idref="bib17" id="ref32">17</reflink>]; Ku & Jin, [<reflink idref="bib27" id="ref33">27</reflink>]; Siebert et al., [<reflink idref="bib45" id="ref34">45</reflink>]), to the point of enhancing the experience lived by the child who, when becoming an adult, tends to choose an active lifestyle based on the positive experiences in relation to the practices from childhood. Corroborating this opinion, Greguol et al. ([<reflink idref="bib22" id="ref35">22</reflink>]), in a study carried out with children and adolescents with visual impairment, refer to parental support as an effective and essential factor for physical activity in young people with disabilities. In their study, the authors found a strong positive relationship between the levels of physical activity of parents and children with visual impairments. According to the authors, parental support is seen as a factor that favours the development of children with disabilities in several aspects, stimulating their social inclusion.</p> <p>However, possibly due to a lack of information, many parents fail to encourage the practice of physical activity in their children with disabilities. In this sense, some evidence indicates that the greater the severity of the disability of the child, the less the parental support for the practice of physical activity, which may be related to overprotection of family members and/or a lack of information about their skills and abilities (Delvert et al., [<reflink idref="bib17" id="ref36">17</reflink>]; Shields & Synnot, [<reflink idref="bib44" id="ref37">44</reflink>]). In this way, understanding family relationships is essential for the development of intervention programs that have the family as their goal and that promote physical activity for children and adolescents, with a focus on the health of individuals (James et al., [<reflink idref="bib24" id="ref38">24</reflink>]; Ornelas et al., [<reflink idref="bib38" id="ref39">38</reflink>]),</p> <p>Therefore, in view of the relevance of this topic, the main question is whether parental support and parents' physical activity can positively influence the physical activity levels of children with physical disabilities. To the best of our knowledge, there are no Brazilian data on indicators of parental support for the practice of physical activity in children with disabilities. Furthermore, there is no information available on parents' physical activity levels and the importance attributed to these children's physical activity practice. This lack of information makes it difficult to develop more effective strategies to encourage an active lifestyle in this population, especially regarding intervention methods aimed at parents. Thus, the main objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of parental support and mothers' physical activity level in the practice of physical activities of children with physical disabilities.</p> <hd id="AN0187437674-3">Materials and Methods</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0187437674-4">Participants</hd> <p>Thirty-five children of both sexes, with congenital physical disabilities (aged from 8 to 12 years) and their mothers participated in the research, totalling 70 respondents to the study. The selection of participants was carried out for convenience and through invitations based on contact with institutions that attend people with disabilities in cities in southern Brazil. The exclusion criterion was children with intellectual or hearing impairments, which could make it difficult to understand the research instruments. All mothers signed two free and informed consent forms, the first agreeing to answer the questionnaires and the second authorising the child's participation in the research. The research project was approved by the local Ethics Committee, according to opinion no. 3.833.438/2021.</p> <hd id="AN0187437674-5">Procedures</hd> <p>Initially, contact was made with institutions that served people with disabilities, which provided contact details of families within the target profile of the research. Then, telephone contacts were made with the families and, after clarifications about the study, those who agreed to participate were informed about how the interviews would be carried out. The interviews were conducted by telephone by the researcher in charge, who read the questions and recorded the responses of the participants. The children and their mothers answered the questionnaires individually, at pre-scheduled times, and the children were instructed to answer the questionnaires first, without the presence or interference of their mothers. All instruments used for children were validated for use in the age group of interest.</p> <hd id="AN0187437674-6">Instruments</hd> <p>The instruments answered by the mothers were:</p> <p></p> <ulist> <item> Preliminary questionnaire: In order to identify the study participants, some questions were related to general information about the child, including sex, age, type, time and cause of the disability, and whether they used a wheelchair, any prosthesis or orthosis for their displacement, and about the mother: sex, age, marital status, number of children, and education level.</item> <p></p> <item> Mothers' physical activity: To identify the mothers' habitual physical activity level, the Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire (Baecke et al., [<reflink idref="bib4" id="ref40">4</reflink>]) was used, previously translated and adapted to Portuguese (Florindo & Latorre, [<reflink idref="bib20" id="ref41">20</reflink>]). The instrument consists of 16 questions, with responses on a Likert scale from 1 to 5, involving three scores related to the previous 12 months: Occupational Physical Activity (8 questions), Sports/Physical Exercises in Leisure (4 questions), and Physical Activity in Leisure and Locomotion (4 questions). The total score for Habitual Physical Activity is obtained by adding Occupational Physical Activity + Sports/Physical Exercises in Leisure + Leisure and Locomotion Activities and, again, the higher the score presented, the higher the level of habitual physical activity practice. Mothers were also asked what regular physical activities they had practiced during their childhood.</item> <p></p> <item> Parental support: To assess parental support, the Parental Support Scale for Physical Activity Practice (Trost et al., [<reflink idref="bib54" id="ref42">54</reflink>]) was applied. The scale contains five questions that analyse, based on their perceptions, the weekly frequency with which parents support their children's physical activity (ranging from Never to Every day). The 5 questions addressed the following themes: how many times mothers encouraged their children to practice physical activity/sport; how many times mothers practiced physical activity/sport with their children; how many times mothers took their children somewhere where it was possible to practice physical activity/sport; how many times mothers watched while their children practiced physical activity/sport; and how many times they told their children that it was good to practice physical activity/sport. The possible total score on the scale ranges from 5 to 25 points, with the lowest number indicating less perceived parental support. The mothers also indicated a score for the importance they attributed to physical activity, on a scale of 1 to 10, again with the lowest number indicating the least importance. Finally, the mothers answered a question about how they perceived their children's weekly physical activity practice, with possible scores ranging from never to every day.</item> </ulist> <p>The children answered two questionnaires:</p> <p></p> <ulist> <item> Children's physical activity: To assess physical activity levels, children answered the PAQ-C questionnaire 'Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children', validated for children and adolescents aged 8 to 14 years by Crocker et al. ([<reflink idref="bib16" id="ref43">16</reflink>]), and translated and modified into Portuguese by R. C. Silva and Malina ([<reflink idref="bib46" id="ref44">46</reflink>]). The questionnaire consists of 10 structured questions, which are answered according to the practice recorded in the previous 7 days, aimed at dimensioning different aspects of the practice of moderate and intense physical activities. The response options are coded using a scale of increasing measurement from 1 to 5 points. Each question has a possible value from 1 (did not practice activity) to 5 (practiced every day of the week) and the final score represents the average of the question scores, which is used to establish a classification from very sedentary to very active (from 1 to 5): 1 - very sedentary, 2 - sedentary, 3 - moderately active, 4 - active, and 5 - very active.</item> <p></p> <item> Parental support: The children also responded separately from their mothers to the Parental Support Scale for Physical Activity Practice (Trost et al., [<reflink idref="bib54" id="ref45">54</reflink>]). Children indicated on a scale ranging from Never to Every day how many times their mothers had encouraged them to practice physical activity/sport; how many times mothers practiced physical activity/sport with them; how many times mothers took them somewhere where it was possible to practice physical activity/sport; how many times mothers watched while they practiced physical activity/sport; and how many times mothers told them that it was good to practice physical activity/sport. Again, the possible total score on the scale ranges from 5 to 25 points, with the lowest number indicating less perceived parental support. The children also indicated a score for the importance they attributed to physical activity, on a scale of 1 to 10, again with the lowest number indicating the least importance. Finally, the children reported how they perceived their mothers' and fathers' weekly physical activity practice, with possible scores ranging from never to every day.</item> </ulist> <hd id="AN0187437674-7">Data Analysis</hd> <p>Initially, the data were treated using descriptive statistics, with mean and variability values for continuous variables and percentage of responses for categorical variables. After calculating the median for age, the children were divided into two age groups (younger and older) for the analyses. They were additionally categorised into three groups, according to the possibility of independent gait, the need to use orthoses, or the need to use a wheelchair for locomotion.</p> <p>After verifying the normality of the data, comparisons were made between the groups (by age, the possibility of independent gait, and perceptions of mothers in relation to their children's perceptions) using Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. For the analysis of the relationships between the variables and the children's physical activity level, a simple linear regression model by age group was used, adopting the variables; importance of physical activity for children, parental support perceived by children and by mothers, and mother's physical activity. In the final model for explaining physical activity, the sex variable was included, and the backward method was used, in which variables with <emph>p</emph> > 0.02 were excluded from the final model. Multicollinearity was tested using the variance inflation factor (VIF). The model residuals in all variables showed normal distribution, verified by means of a histogram, and heteroscedasticity by means of a scatterplot. Regarding residual values and predicted values, there were no outliers. The significance adopted was <emph>p</emph> < 0.05.</p> <hd id="AN0187437674-8">Results</hd> <p></p> <hd id="AN0187437674-9">Descriptive and Comparative Data Among Children</hd> <p>From the descriptive data referring to the children participating in the study (Table 1), a balance was observed in relation to the number of participating girls and boys, with a higher prevalence of cases of Cerebral Palsy (CP), and the use of a wheelchair as the most commonly reported type of locomotion. In addition, it was observed that most children perceived reduced practice of physical activity by their parents, especially by fathers, when compared to mothers.</p> <p>Table 1. Characterisation of the children participating in the study (<emph>n</emph> = 35).</p> <p> <ephtml> <table><thead><tr><td /><td>Mean ± SD</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Age (years)</td><td>9.83 ± 1.79</td></tr><tr><td>Importance of physical activity</td><td>9.29 ±.99</td></tr><tr><td>Parental support</td><td>14.43 ± 5.02</td></tr><tr><td>PAQ_C</td><td>2.67 ±.71</td></tr><tr><td /><td>n(%)</td></tr><tr><td><bold>Type of Disability</bold></td></tr><tr><td>Cerebral Palsy</td><td>16(45.7)</td></tr><tr><td>Myelomeningocele</td><td>14(40)</td></tr><tr><td>Congenital malformation</td><td>5(14.3)</td></tr><tr><td><bold>Sex</bold></td><td /></tr><tr><td>Female</td><td>18(51.4)</td></tr><tr><td>Male</td><td>17(48.6)</td></tr><tr><td><bold>Type of Locomotion</bold></td></tr><tr><td>Wheelchair</td><td>18(51.4)</td></tr><tr><td>Gait with orthosis</td><td>11(31.4)</td></tr><tr><td>Independent gait</td><td>6(17.1)</td></tr><tr><td><bold>Perception about father's physical activity</bold></td></tr><tr><td>Many times a week</td><td>4(11.4)</td></tr><tr><td>Once a week</td><td>9(25.7)</td></tr><tr><td>Rarely</td><td>13(37.1)</td></tr><tr><td>Never</td><td>9(25.7)</td></tr><tr><td><bold>Perception about mother's physical activity</bold></td></tr><tr><td>Every day</td><td>2(5.7)</td></tr><tr><td>Many times a week</td><td>9(25.7)</td></tr><tr><td>Once a week</td><td>14(40)</td></tr><tr><td>Rarely</td><td>8(22.9)</td></tr><tr><td>Never</td><td>2(5.7)</td></tr></tbody></table> </ephtml> </p> <p>1 SD:Standard Deviation. PAQ_C: Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children.</p> <p>No significant differences were identified in the comparisons of the practice of physical activity (PAQ-C) between the sexes (<emph>p</emph> =.87), or between the different types of locomotion of the children (wheelchair, independent gait, and gait with orthosis) (<emph>p</emph> =.98). Among age groups, younger children (8 and 9 years old) were significantly more active than older children (10 to 12 years old) (<emph>p</emph> =.017). It is important to emphasise that, despite this, when analysing the mean score obtained in the PAQ-C among children (2.67), the result was interpreted as 'sedentary behaviour'.</p> <hd id="AN0187437674-10">Descriptive and Comparative Data Among Mothers</hd> <p>Regarding the descriptive data of the mothers participating in the study (Table 2), there was a predominance of married mothers, with 2 or 3 children, and the majority reported high school education, with only 20% of mothers interviewed presenting complete university education. Regarding the perception of their children's physical activity levels, it was reported that most children practice some type of activity, several times a week or even every day. Furthermore, the majority of mothers reported having practiced some type of regular physical activity in childhood.</p> <p>Table 2. Characterisation of mothers' sociodemographic variables (<emph>n</emph> = 35).</p> <p> <ephtml> <table><thead><tr><td /><td>n(%)</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><bold>Marital status</bold></td></tr><tr><td>Married</td><td>30(85.7)</td></tr><tr><td>Single/divorced</td><td>5(14.3)</td></tr><tr><td><bold>Number of children</bold></td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>12(34.3)</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>14(40)</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>7(20)</td></tr><tr><td>4 or more</td><td>2(5.7)</td></tr><tr><td><bold>Education</bold></td></tr><tr><td>Elementary School</td><td>2(5.7)</td></tr><tr><td>High school</td><td>26(74.3)</td></tr><tr><td>University education</td><td>7(20)</td></tr><tr><td><bold>Perception about the PA practiced by the child</bold></td></tr><tr><td>Every day</td><td>2(5.7)</td></tr><tr><td>Many times a week</td><td>14(40)</td></tr><tr><td>Once a week</td><td>13(37.1)</td></tr><tr><td>Rarely</td><td>6(17.1)</td></tr></tbody></table> </ephtml> </p> <p>2 PA: Physical Activity.</p> <p>Considering the results of the Parental Support Scale for the Practice of Physical Activity for children and mothers, no differences were observed between boys and girls (<emph>p</emph> =.30), or among those who used a wheelchair, with independent gait, or with orthoses (<emph>p</emph> =.71). When comparing the results of the Children's and Mothers' Scales, again there were no significant differences (<emph>p</emph> =.64).</p> <p>The results obtained through the parental support questionnaire (Table 3) showed intermediate values for perceived support, attributed by both the children (14.43 ± 5.02) and their mothers (16.03 ± 4.53). Considering that the score can vary between 5 and 25 points, there was similarity between the responses of both groups evaluated, thus elucidating that for the study participants, the support perceived by the children is in line with the support reported by the mothers. When the Scale questions were analysed separately, the highest score was received for the question about encouraging the child to practice physical activity (4.2 + 1.1 for children and 4.4 + 1.6 for mothers). The lowest score was for the question related to whether the mother had already practiced a physical activity or sport with her child (1.5 +.9 for children and 1.4 +.9 for mothers).</p> <p>Table 3. Characterisation of the mothers' physical activity level (<emph>n</emph> = 35).</p> <p> <ephtml> <table><thead><tr><td /><td>Mean ± SD</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Age (years)</td><td>41.11 ± 6.91</td></tr><tr><td>Importance of physical activity</td><td>9.77 ±.55</td></tr><tr><td>Parental support</td><td>16.03 ± 4.53</td></tr><tr><td><bold>BAECKE</bold></td></tr><tr><td>Occupational PA</td><td>2.44 ±.65</td></tr><tr><td>Sports/Physical Exercise in leisure</td><td>2.87 ±.94</td></tr><tr><td>PA in leisure and locomotion</td><td>2.71 ±.60</td></tr><tr><td>Total PA</td><td>8.02 ± 1.57</td></tr></tbody></table> </ephtml> </p> <p>3 SD: Standard deviation. BAECKE: Physical Activity Questionnaire. PA: Physical activity.</p> <hd id="AN0187437674-11">Associations Between Parental Support and Children's Physical Activity</hd> <p>Tables 4 and 5 illustrate the crude and sex-adjusted regression analyses for younger and older children (younger − 8 and 9 years and older − 10 to 12 years). For younger children, it was possible to observe that the perception of parental support from mothers was significantly related to the level of physical activity of children, regardless of sex. On the other hand, for older children, there were no significant relationships between variables and level of physical activity.</p> <p>Table 4. Crude and sex-adjusted regression analysis of the younger children PA (n = 18).</p> <p> <ephtml> <table><thead><tr><td /><td>β</td><td>p</td><td>Β</td><td>p</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Importance of PA children</td><td>.46</td><td>.08</td><td>*</td><td /></tr><tr><td>Parental support (children)</td><td>.13</td><td>.63</td><td>*</td><td /></tr><tr><td>Parental support (mother)</td><td>.30</td><td>.26</td><td>.55</td><td>.04</td></tr><tr><td>Total mothers' PA (Baecke)</td><td>.03</td><td>.04</td><td>−.22</td><td>.16</td></tr></tbody></table> </ephtml> </p> <p>4 *- Variables taken out of the final model <emph>p</emph> >.02; r<sups>2</sups> =.44; PA = Physical Activity.</p> <p>Table 5. Crude and sex-adjusted regression analysis of the older children PA (n = 17).</p> <p> <ephtml> <table><thead><tr><td /><td>β</td><td>P</td><td>Β</td><td>p</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Importance of PA children</td><td>.13</td><td>.58</td><td>*</td><td>*</td></tr><tr><td>Parental support (children)</td><td>.30</td><td>.19</td><td>.08</td><td>.13</td></tr><tr><td>Parental support (mother)</td><td>.30</td><td>.26</td><td>−.04</td><td>.18</td></tr><tr><td>Total mothers' PA (Baecke)</td><td>.09</td><td>.70</td><td>*</td><td>*</td></tr></tbody></table> </ephtml> </p> <p>5 *- Variables taken out of the final model <emph>p</emph> >.02; r<sups>2</sups> =.44; PA = Physical Activity.</p> <hd id="AN0187437674-12">Discussion</hd> <p>The purpose of the current study was to verify the influence of parental support on the practice of physical activity by children with disabilities. In total, 35 children participated in the study, with a balanced distribution between boys and girls. The results showed, in general, low levels of physical activity among the participants and a positive influence of parental support, particularly for younger children.</p> <p>It is important to highlight the importance of physical activity for children with disabilities, because sufficient and appropriate practice in childhood can prevent or delay the onset of chronic-degenerative disorders in adulthood, in addition to stimulating a healthy lifestyle (Committe, [<reflink idref="bib14" id="ref46">14</reflink>]; Lima et al., [<reflink idref="bib29" id="ref47">29</reflink>]). It should be noted that between 2020 and 2022 the population experienced an atypical period of restrictions on locomotion and participation in activities, imposed by government and health authorities due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In this context, children with disabilities were particularly affected in their usual routines, given that they are considered a high-risk group for contamination by and worsening from an eventual infection by the virus. Greguol et al. ([<reflink idref="bib21" id="ref48">21</reflink>]) warn that, due to such restrictions and risks, sedentary behaviour in this population has probably been aggravated, which will certainly lead to sequelae in their levels of physical fitness and quality of life in the medium and long term.</p> <p>Regarding the results obtained in the PAQ-C, the average score obtained (2.67) places the children in a classification between insufficiently active and moderately active, since, to be considered active, the score is required to be above 3.5, which was achieved by only four children (Kowalski et al., [<reflink idref="bib26" id="ref49">26</reflink>]). The participation of children with disabilities in physical activities is multifactorial. Studies have indicated that psychological, social and environmental factors and the level of motor skills are strongly related to the participation of children and adolescents with disabilities in physical activities (Li et al., [<reflink idref="bib28" id="ref50">28</reflink>]; Sit et al., [<reflink idref="bib48" id="ref51">48</reflink>]).</p> <p>It can also be highlighted that there was no difference between the practice of physical activity in the PAQ-C between the sexes and among the different types of locomotion of the children (wheelchair, independent gait, and gait with orthosis). This result was unexpected, since the literature indicates that the more severe the child's disability, the lower the incentive offered by parents for the regular practice of physical activity (Stuart et al., [<reflink idref="bib50" id="ref52">50</reflink>]). However, a difference was seen when comparing the age groups, with younger children being significantly more active than older children. Studies involving the level of physical activity for children in general observe that, with advancing age, there is a reduction in the amount of practice, more markedly during adolescence (Janssen & Leblanc, [<reflink idref="bib25" id="ref53">25</reflink>]; Zanudin et al., [<reflink idref="bib57" id="ref54">57</reflink>]).</p> <p>With respect to the mothers' answers, there was a predominance of those who are married, with two or more children, and an education level up to high school. Another feature that draws attention to this population is the fact that the mothers consider it important to maintain their children's practice of physical activity, even with insufficient levels of practice applied to their own daily routine. This fact is also in line with the current literature, which claims that there is an exhaustive workload when caring for children with disabilities. Depending on the degree of compromise the child presents, parents need to constantly reconcile the basic functions of child development with visits for treatments, physiotherapy, and speech therapy, among other specialities that are required for the proper development of the child (Nelsen et al., [<reflink idref="bib35" id="ref55">35</reflink>]; Sunelaitis et al., [<reflink idref="bib51" id="ref56">51</reflink>]). In this way, in order to enhance the social inclusion and autonomy of their children, many parents are concerned with seeking other strategies to provide better development possibilities, striving to go beyond daily tasks (R. S. Silva & Fedosse, [<reflink idref="bib47" id="ref57">47</reflink>]), even if these choices affect their own quality of life (Batista et al., [<reflink idref="bib5" id="ref58">5</reflink>]).</p> <p>With respect to the Parental Support analyses, the results obtained through the parental support questionnaire show intermediate values attributed by both children and their mothers to perceived support (14.43 ± 5.02 for children and 16.03 ± 4.53 for mothers), considering that the score can vary between 5 and 25 points. No differences were observed between the perception of support of mothers and children, showing that both groups perceive the support offered and received in a similar way. Among the questions on the Parental Support instrument, the highest score was assigned to the encouragement offered by parents to the practice of physical activity for their children. On the other hand, the lowest score was recorded for the question on parents practicing physical activity with their children.</p> <p>Social support within the family environment is verified as a factor that is directly related to higher levels of physical activity in children and adolescents, although this association varies according to the social and cultural context in which the child is inserted (Costa et al., [<reflink idref="bib15" id="ref59">15</reflink>]). Furthermore, studies highlight the influence of parents on child development, promoting better results when they are directly involved in the practice of physical activities of their children, since the child feels welcomed when close to someone who is familiar (Azevedo & Della Barba, [<reflink idref="bib3" id="ref60">3</reflink>]; Cheng et al., [<reflink idref="bib11" id="ref61">11</reflink>]; Shen et al., [<reflink idref="bib43" id="ref62">43</reflink>]; Wanderley Júnior et al., [<reflink idref="bib55" id="ref63">55</reflink>]). Thus, among all the forms of parental support analysed, modelling, that is, the fact that parents are physically active, seems to be the factor that most contributes to the practice of physical activity in children (Hong et al., [<reflink idref="bib23" id="ref64">23</reflink>]; Olivares et al., [<reflink idref="bib37" id="ref65">37</reflink>]; Wilk et al., [<reflink idref="bib56" id="ref66">56</reflink>]).</p> <p>In this sense, considering the perception of physical activity practiced by the father and mother, it is noteworthy that most children reported a negative result, especially concerning their fathers, with an expressive number stating that they rarely or never perceived their father practicing physical activity. It is important to highlight that the children's perception of their parents' practice of physical activity deserves attention, since the family is considered a fundamental basis for supporting, motivating, and teaching healthy lifestyle habits, and parents are transmitters of behaviours and models for their children (Salas et al., [<reflink idref="bib42" id="ref67">42</reflink>]). In this context, the family can be considered a key social agent for the development of children and adolescents, with great influence attributed to the family environment on the level of physical activity and health of young people with or without disabilities (Christofaro et al., [<reflink idref="bib12" id="ref68">12</reflink>]; Delvert et al., [<reflink idref="bib17" id="ref69">17</reflink>]; James et al., [<reflink idref="bib24" id="ref70">24</reflink>]; Loch et al., [<reflink idref="bib31" id="ref71">31</reflink>]; Neshteruk et al., [<reflink idref="bib36" id="ref72">36</reflink>]; Shen et al., [<reflink idref="bib43" id="ref73">43</reflink>]).</p> <p>When the study variables for the younger children (eight and nine years) were considered, it was observed that the result of the Mothers' Scale showed a positive relationship with the result of physical activity practice by children, measured by the PAQ-C. Therefore, it is clear that parental relationships can contribute to building the habit of being physically active or not (Cheng et al., [<reflink idref="bib11" id="ref74">11</reflink>]; Shen et al., [<reflink idref="bib43" id="ref75">43</reflink>]; Wanderley Júnior et al., [<reflink idref="bib55" id="ref76">55</reflink>]), which can both facilitate and hinder the process of inclusion of children with disabilities (Azevedo & Della Barba, [<reflink idref="bib3" id="ref77">3</reflink>]; Ku & Jin, [<reflink idref="bib27" id="ref78">27</reflink>]).</p> <p>These associations, however, were not found for older children (10 to 12 years old), which may suggest that younger children are more influenced or susceptible to the encouragement of mothers to practice physical activity. Similar results were observed by Greguol et al. ([<reflink idref="bib22" id="ref79">22</reflink>]), who, when analysing children with visual impairment, found that younger children showed a stronger influence of parents' beliefs and attitudes towards physical activity.</p> <p>Children's physical activity habits are shaped by those of their parents and this is particularly true for younger children who, compared to older children, generally require more care and spend more time with their parents (Brown et al., [<reflink idref="bib9" id="ref80">9</reflink>]). On the other hand, among older children (10 to 12 years old), the only significant correlation observed was the negative relationship between the mothers' Family Support Scale and the mother's perception of her child's physical activity. Studies show that with increasing age, children gradually lose interest in physical activity, and with this, the amount of time spent in front of screens such as television, computers, and cell phones increases (Salas et al., [<reflink idref="bib42" id="ref81">42</reflink>]). These data are worrying, as low levels of physical activity during adolescence contribute to obesity, and to possible chronic damage to health in adulthood (Ornelas et al., [<reflink idref="bib38" id="ref82">38</reflink>]).</p> <p>Studies with children and adolescents without disabilities also report results in the same direction, showing that younger children are more influenced by parental support for physical activity (Benitez et al., [<reflink idref="bib7" id="ref83">7</reflink>]; Hong et al., [<reflink idref="bib23" id="ref84">23</reflink>]; Ribeiro et al., [<reflink idref="bib41" id="ref85">41</reflink>]). From the data presented, it can be seen that the family context is a factor of great influence for the adherence of children to the practice of physical activity. For children and adolescents with disabilities, who in general need closer care from their mothers, the model and incentive to practice physical activity can be determining factors for improving motivation. Thus, the need to disseminate information on the importance of adopting a physically active lifestyle for parents of children and adolescents with disabilities is once again highlighted, since positive influences during this period can cause positive changes that will extend over the course of a lifetime.</p> <p>Some limitations of the present study should be highlighted, such as the relatively small number of participants and the fact that only mothers were interviewed, which may hinder a more comprehensive understanding of parental support. Furthermore, the use of questionnaires to measure habitual physical activity is not as accurate as direct measurements. Despite this, the data collected in this study highlight the importance of informing family members, especially parents, about their role as models for their children, not only encouraging the practice of physical activity, but also, when possible, practicing the activity together. When observing parents practicing physical activity and perceiving their encouragement, children feel motivated to practice, and this fact seems to be true regardless of the severity of the disability. Thus, the results of the study may provide subsidies for health professionals to plan interventions with children with disabilities and their parents in order to strengthen support and encourage the adoption and maintenance of regular physical activity. Furthermore, it should be highlighted the fact that this study innovates by collecting data on children with physical disabilities in Brazil, contributing to the understanding of a local reality, which may be relevant for better targeting actions in the future.</p> <hd id="AN0187437674-13">Conclusion</hd> <p>Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that parental support was similarly perceived between mothers and children. In addition, parental support showed a positive relationship with the level of physical activity in children, but only for the youngest group. No differences were seen in reported and perceived parental support between children of different sexes, age groups, and types of locomotion. Likewise, no differences were observed in the levels of physical activity among children of different sexes and types of locomotion, only between age groups, with younger children being more active than older children.</p> <p>The average results of the mothers' physical activity level showed an insufficient amount of practice, which should be considered carefully, since the parents' model can influence the adoption or not of a physically active lifestyle by their children. Despite this, the mothers attributed high values of importance to the practice of physical activity by their children.</p> <p>From the findings, it is clear how susceptible children with disabilities are to their parents' beliefs and attitudes about the importance of physical activity, and the weight that perceived support can manifest as a factor with a positive or negative influence on the evaluated perspective. 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An: EJ1490607
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PubType: Academic Journal
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Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Influence of Parental Support on the Physical Activity Level of Children with Physical Disabilities
– Name: Language
  Label: Language
  Group: Lang
  Data: English
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
  Group: Au
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Aryelle+Malheiros+Caruzzo%22">Aryelle Malheiros Caruzzo</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5905-5167">0000-0002-5905-5167</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Viviany+da+Silva+Brugnhago%22">Viviany da Silva Brugnhago</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6557-6850">0000-0001-6557-6850</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bruno+Marson+Malagodi%22">Bruno Marson Malagodi</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1060-2983">0000-0002-1060-2983</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Claudia+Godoy+Dias%22">Claudia Godoy Dias</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1739-2488">0000-0003-1739-2488</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Marcia+Greguol%22">Marcia Greguol</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3711-8120">0000-0002-3711-8120</externalLink>)
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Source
  Group: Src
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22International+Journal+of+Disability%2C+Development+and+Education%22"><i>International Journal of Disability, Development and Education</i></searchLink>. 2025 72(6):1017-1032.
– Name: Avail
  Label: Availability
  Group: Avail
  Data: Routledge. Available from: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 530 Walnut Street Suite 850, Philadelphia, PA 19106. Tel: 800-354-1420; Tel: 215-625-8900; Fax: 215-207-0050; Web site: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals
– Name: PeerReviewed
  Label: Peer Reviewed
  Group: SrcInfo
  Data: Y
– Name: Pages
  Label: Page Count
  Group: Src
  Data: 16
– Name: DatePubCY
  Label: Publication Date
  Group: Date
  Data: 2025
– Name: TypeDocument
  Label: Document Type
  Group: TypDoc
  Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Research
– Name: Subject
  Label: Descriptors
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Parent+Role%22">Parent Role</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Physical+Activity+Level%22">Physical Activity Level</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Children%22">Children</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Physical+Disabilities%22">Physical Disabilities</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mothers%22">Mothers</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Life+Style%22">Life Style</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Childrens+Attitudes%22">Childrens Attitudes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Correlation%22">Correlation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Age+Differences%22">Age Differences</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Gender+Differences%22">Gender Differences</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Parent+Attitudes%22">Parent Attitudes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Preadolescents%22">Preadolescents</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Foreign+Countries%22">Foreign Countries</searchLink>
– Name: Subject
  Label: Geographic Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Brazil%22">Brazil</searchLink>
– Name: DOI
  Label: DOI
  Group: ID
  Data: 10.1080/1034912X.2024.2388084
– Name: ISSN
  Label: ISSN
  Group: ISSN
  Data: 1034-912X<br />1465-346X
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: The practice of physical activities is essential for maintaining the health of children and adults. However, among people with disabilities, there is a high prevalence of physical inactivity, especially among children, mainly due to the lack of access to specific programs aimed at their possibilities. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the influence of parental support in the practice of physical activities of children with physical disabilities. Thirty-five children with physical disabilities and their mothers participated in the study. The children and mothers separately answered questionnaires to assess their usual level of physical activity and their perception of parental support for physical activity. The results showed that parental support had a positive relationship with the level of physical activity in younger children. No significant differences were observed in reported and perceived parental support when comparisons were performed according to sex, age group, and type of locomotion. Considering the physical activity level of the mothers, the average result showed an insufficient amount of practice, however the mothers attributed high importance to the physical activity practice of their children.
– Name: AbstractInfo
  Label: Abstractor
  Group: Ab
  Data: As Provided
– Name: DateEntry
  Label: Entry Date
  Group: Date
  Data: 2025
– Name: AN
  Label: Accession Number
  Group: ID
  Data: EJ1490607
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=eric&AN=EJ1490607
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1080/1034912X.2024.2388084
    Languages:
      – Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 16
        StartPage: 1017
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Parent Role
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Physical Activity Level
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Children
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Physical Disabilities
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mothers
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Life Style
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Childrens Attitudes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Correlation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Age Differences
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Gender Differences
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Parent Attitudes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Preadolescents
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Foreign Countries
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Brazil
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Influence of Parental Support on the Physical Activity Level of Children with Physical Disabilities
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Aryelle Malheiros Caruzzo
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            NameFull: Viviany da Silva Brugnhago
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            NameFull: Bruno Marson Malagodi
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            NameFull: Claudia Godoy Dias
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            NameFull: Marcia Greguol
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 01
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 1034-912X
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 1465-346X
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 72
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            – TitleFull: International Journal of Disability, Development and Education
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