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99 Ways to Obtain a General Factor of Intelligence--And They Are Not All Created Equal

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Title: 99 Ways to Obtain a General Factor of Intelligence--And They Are Not All Created Equal
Language: English
Authors: Moritz Breit (ORCID 0000-0002-5983-2691), Andrew R. A. Conway (ORCID 0000-0002-6441-9930), Kristof Kovacs (ORCID 0000-0002-7452-067X)
Source: Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment. 2025 43(8):918-932.
Availability: SAGE Publications. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. Tel: 800-818-7243; Tel: 805-499-9774; Fax: 800-583-2665; e-mail: journals@sagepub.com; Web site: https://sagepub.com
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 15
Publication Date: 2025
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Descriptors: Cognitive Ability, Cognitive Tests, Intelligence, Correlation, Factor Analysis, Educational Indicators, Generalizability Theory
Assessment and Survey Identifiers: Woodcock Johnson Tests of Cognitive Ability
DOI: 10.1177/07342829251380405
ISSN: 0734-2829
1557-5144
Abstract: This paper examines whether general intelligence (g) factors derived from different test batteries are equivalent. There are three views regarding the equivalency of g-factors: (1) "indicator indifference" claims that test content is irrelevant as long as g loadings are identical and that single tests can be adequate indicators of g; (2) "complete dependence on test composition" claims that general factors are completely dependent on the tests from which they are extracted; and (3) an intermediate stance that emphasizes the importance of the diversity and comprehensiveness of cognitive test batteries from which g is obtained. The present study evaluates these competing views by analyzing g-factor correlations across all combinatorically possible combinations of subtests from the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities V. Results showed strong correlations among g-factors across both one-factor and hierarchical models, increasing with the number of subtests or broad abilities included. Most g-factors closely matched the g-estimate obtained from all available subtests (r > 0.9). Low correlations were mainly tied to the overrepresentation of processing speed (Gs) in small test sets, highlighting the impact of content coverage. Overall, results support the intermediate view: reliable g-estimates require broad, balanced batteries covering at least three broad abilities.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2026
Accession Number: EJ1491273
Database: ERIC
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Moritz+Breit%22">Moritz Breit</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5983-2691">0000-0002-5983-2691</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Andrew+R%2E+A%2E+Conway%22">Andrew R. A. Conway</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6441-9930">0000-0002-6441-9930</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kristof+Kovacs%22">Kristof Kovacs</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7452-067X">0000-0002-7452-067X</externalLink>)
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  Data: SAGE Publications. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. Tel: 800-818-7243; Tel: 805-499-9774; Fax: 800-583-2665; e-mail: journals@sagepub.com; Web site: https://sagepub.com
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  Data: This paper examines whether general intelligence (g) factors derived from different test batteries are equivalent. There are three views regarding the equivalency of g-factors: (1) "indicator indifference" claims that test content is irrelevant as long as g loadings are identical and that single tests can be adequate indicators of g; (2) "complete dependence on test composition" claims that general factors are completely dependent on the tests from which they are extracted; and (3) an intermediate stance that emphasizes the importance of the diversity and comprehensiveness of cognitive test batteries from which g is obtained. The present study evaluates these competing views by analyzing g-factor correlations across all combinatorically possible combinations of subtests from the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities V. Results showed strong correlations among g-factors across both one-factor and hierarchical models, increasing with the number of subtests or broad abilities included. Most g-factors closely matched the g-estimate obtained from all available subtests (r > 0.9). Low correlations were mainly tied to the overrepresentation of processing speed (Gs) in small test sets, highlighting the impact of content coverage. Overall, results support the intermediate view: reliable g-estimates require broad, balanced batteries covering at least three broad abilities.
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  Data: 2026
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        Value: 10.1177/07342829251380405
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      – Text: English
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cognitive Tests
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      – SubjectFull: Intelligence
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Correlation
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      – SubjectFull: Factor Analysis
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      – SubjectFull: Educational Indicators
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      – SubjectFull: Generalizability Theory
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      – SubjectFull: Woodcock Johnson Tests of Cognitive Ability
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      – TitleFull: 99 Ways to Obtain a General Factor of Intelligence--And They Are Not All Created Equal
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            NameFull: Andrew R. A. Conway
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            NameFull: Kristof Kovacs
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              M: 12
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              Y: 2025
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