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A Cross-Lagged Panel Model Examining the Longitudinal Associations between Maternal Emotion Regulation Difficulties, Parenting Stress, and Child Socio-Emotional Problems in Toddlerhood

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Title: A Cross-Lagged Panel Model Examining the Longitudinal Associations between Maternal Emotion Regulation Difficulties, Parenting Stress, and Child Socio-Emotional Problems in Toddlerhood
Language: English
Authors: Charlotte Verhagen, Stefanie Duijndam, Nina Kupper, Paul Lodder, Myrthe Boekhorst (ORCID 0000-0001-5737-7026)
Source: Infant Mental Health Journal: Infancy and Early Childhood. 2026 47(1).
Availability: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 13
Publication Date: 2026
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Descriptors: Toddlers, Parent Influence, Stress Variables, Emotional Response, Mothers, Foreign Countries, Child Rearing, Emotional Problems, Child Development, Behavior Problems
Geographic Terms: Netherlands
Assessment and Survey Identifiers: Parenting Stress Index
DOI: 10.1002/imhj.70051
ISSN: 0163-9641
1097-0355
Abstract: In toddlerhood, parents play a crucial role in supporting the socio-emotional development of children through their parenting behaviors. Certain parental risk factors, such as emotion regulation difficulties and parenting stress, have been found to be related to both parenting practices and child outcomes. As the interplay between these risk factors and their associations with child socio-emotional problems can change across toddlerhood, the aim of this study was to investigate the longitudinal, bidirectional associations of parenting stress and maternal emotion regulation difficulties with child socio-emotional problems. This study included 360 mothers from the Southern regions of the Netherlands (M[subscript age] = 31.4, 90.7% Dutch, 81.4% completed university) who completed questionnaires biannually (Jan 2021-May 2024) within the first 3 years postpartum, as part of a longitudinal birth cohort. Cross-lagged path analyses indicated a bidirectional relation between maternal emotion regulation difficulties and socio-emotional problems over time, and a unidirectional relation between early child problems and later parenting stress. The findings illustrate how parents and children can influence each other's emotional well-being in toddlerhood.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2026
Accession Number: EJ1493476
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Charlotte+Verhagen%22">Charlotte Verhagen</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Stefanie+Duijndam%22">Stefanie Duijndam</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Nina+Kupper%22">Nina Kupper</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Paul+Lodder%22">Paul Lodder</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Myrthe+Boekhorst%22">Myrthe Boekhorst</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5737-7026">0000-0001-5737-7026</externalLink>)
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  Data: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
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  Data: 10.1002/imhj.70051
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  Data: In toddlerhood, parents play a crucial role in supporting the socio-emotional development of children through their parenting behaviors. Certain parental risk factors, such as emotion regulation difficulties and parenting stress, have been found to be related to both parenting practices and child outcomes. As the interplay between these risk factors and their associations with child socio-emotional problems can change across toddlerhood, the aim of this study was to investigate the longitudinal, bidirectional associations of parenting stress and maternal emotion regulation difficulties with child socio-emotional problems. This study included 360 mothers from the Southern regions of the Netherlands (M[subscript age] = 31.4, 90.7% Dutch, 81.4% completed university) who completed questionnaires biannually (Jan 2021-May 2024) within the first 3 years postpartum, as part of a longitudinal birth cohort. Cross-lagged path analyses indicated a bidirectional relation between maternal emotion regulation difficulties and socio-emotional problems over time, and a unidirectional relation between early child problems and later parenting stress. The findings illustrate how parents and children can influence each other's emotional well-being in toddlerhood.
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      – SubjectFull: Parent Influence
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      – SubjectFull: Stress Variables
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