ChatGPT's and Humans' Written Corrective Feedback in EFL/ESL Writing: A Systematic Review
Saved in:
| Title: | ChatGPT's and Humans' Written Corrective Feedback in EFL/ESL Writing: A Systematic Review |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Authors: | Yustinus Calvin Gai Mali (ORCID |
| Source: | Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education. 2026 27(1):31-48. |
| Availability: | Anadolu University. Office of the Rector, Eskisehir, 26470, Turkey. Tel: +90-222-335-34-53; Fax: +90-222-335-34-86; e-mail: rektor@anadolu.edu.tr; e-mail: TOJDE@anadolu.edu.tr; Web site: http://tojde.anadolu.edu.tr/ |
| Peer Reviewed: | Y |
| Page Count: | 18 |
| Publication Date: | 2026 |
| Document Type: | Journal Articles Information Analyses |
| Education Level: | Higher Education Postsecondary Education |
| Descriptors: | Literature Reviews, Higher Education, Artificial Intelligence, Natural Language Processing, Writing (Composition), Writing Evaluation, Feedback (Response), Computer Uses in Education, English (Second Language), Error Correction |
| ISSN: | 1302-6488 |
| Abstract: | Written corrective feedback (WCF) is critical in EFL/ESL writing classrooms. This study aims to review existing research studies on the quality of WCF generated by ChatGPT and humans and to examine how WCF generated by ChatGPT can support WCF that humans give to students' written work in higher education EFL/ESL writing contexts. To meet these goals, the researcher examined 23 studies published in 18 peer-reviewed journals from 2023-2024. The analysis results highlighted potential strengths and weaknesses of WCF generated by ChatGPT and humans. WCF generated by ChatGPT could review various aspects of writing and provide extensive descriptive feedback, yet it sometimes might experience system fatigue that affects the WCF quality. ChatGPT could also provide inaccurate WCF, give WCF that lacked human nuances, and were greatly influenced by how prompts were presented to it. Meanwhile, humans could provide aspects of WCF not accounted for ChatGPT, but their WCF might involve subjective judgment and be unclear. With these findings in mind, the researcher identified three phases of how ChatGPT can work harmoniously with humans to provide quality WCF for students in writing classrooms. Those phases were making various efforts to enhance WCF generated by ChatGPT in students' writing in support of the feedback provided by lecturers, enhancing students' in-depth understanding that not all ChatGPT feedback is accurate, and combining ChatGPT-based WCF, specifically on earlier drafts of students' writing. Pedagogical implications, which highlighted the essence of working synergistically with ChatGPT and mastering prompts to generate the most helpful WCF, for EFL/ESL lecturers in writing classrooms who wish to support their feedback with ChatGPT to provide quality WCF to their students' written work were presented. The researcher then proposed recommendations for future systematic review studies, expanding the research contexts, the scope of reviewed materials, and the research method of the reviewed articles, to address gaps and expand on the insights presented in this study. |
| Abstractor: | As Provided |
| Entry Date: | 2026 |
| Accession Number: | EJ1497686 |
| Database: | ERIC |
| FullText | Links: – Type: pdflink Url: https://content.ebscohost.com/cds/retrieve?content=AQICAHj0k_4E0hTGH8RJwT4gCJyBsGNe_WN95AvKlDbXJGqwxwFeZqsj7TL-LrJEnhqb4dXsAAAA4zCB4AYJKoZIhvcNAQcGoIHSMIHPAgEAMIHJBgkqhkiG9w0BBwEwHgYJYIZIAWUDBAEuMBEEDKTaHgZoPKe4x-5TAwIBEICBmxBD6p0xBohIF1gxj0Ph62pqTDmb9z6fIZoK67CubvmwHBPUD3cCFhNXUZP14WbsqgcYeRHNt0NKNH21SjC4fK6NwarmFzTVlzGLPBONoJz8XoPaUcNTCGnXGzK1vc5AIe1sBHyTsiR_WeNIQAQE0xXvJeRjx2E9sr86wH-NFL6XeY9qffZb2B_vYSRndbgRvhkjsyoYgIvNkxrC Text: Availability: 0 CustomLinks: – Url: https://eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=EJ1497686 Name: ERIC Full Text Category: fullText Text: Full Text from ERIC |
|---|---|
| Header | DbId: eric DbLabel: ERIC An: EJ1497686 AccessLevel: 3 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
| IllustrationInfo | |
| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: ChatGPT's and Humans' Written Corrective Feedback in EFL/ESL Writing: A Systematic Review – Name: Language Label: Language Group: Lang Data: English – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yustinus+Calvin+Gai+Mali%22">Yustinus Calvin Gai Mali</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9075-783X">0000-0001-9075-783X</externalLink>) – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Turkish+Online+Journal+of+Distance+Education%22"><i>Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education</i></searchLink>. 2026 27(1):31-48. – Name: Avail Label: Availability Group: Avail Data: Anadolu University. Office of the Rector, Eskisehir, 26470, Turkey. Tel: +90-222-335-34-53; Fax: +90-222-335-34-86; e-mail: rektor@anadolu.edu.tr; e-mail: TOJDE@anadolu.edu.tr; Web site: http://tojde.anadolu.edu.tr/ – Name: PeerReviewed Label: Peer Reviewed Group: SrcInfo Data: Y – Name: Pages Label: Page Count Group: Src Data: 18 – Name: DatePubCY Label: Publication Date Group: Date Data: 2026 – Name: TypeDocument Label: Document Type Group: TypDoc Data: Journal Articles<br />Information Analyses – Name: Audience Label: Education Level Group: Audnce Data: <searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Higher+Education%22">Higher Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Postsecondary+Education%22">Postsecondary Education</searchLink> – Name: Subject Label: Descriptors Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Literature+Reviews%22">Literature Reviews</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Higher+Education%22">Higher Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Artificial+Intelligence%22">Artificial Intelligence</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Natural+Language+Processing%22">Natural Language Processing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Writing+%28Composition%29%22">Writing (Composition)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Writing+Evaluation%22">Writing Evaluation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Feedback+%28Response%29%22">Feedback (Response)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Computer+Uses+in+Education%22">Computer Uses in Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22English+%28Second+Language%29%22">English (Second Language)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Error+Correction%22">Error Correction</searchLink> – Name: ISSN Label: ISSN Group: ISSN Data: 1302-6488 – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: Written corrective feedback (WCF) is critical in EFL/ESL writing classrooms. This study aims to review existing research studies on the quality of WCF generated by ChatGPT and humans and to examine how WCF generated by ChatGPT can support WCF that humans give to students' written work in higher education EFL/ESL writing contexts. To meet these goals, the researcher examined 23 studies published in 18 peer-reviewed journals from 2023-2024. The analysis results highlighted potential strengths and weaknesses of WCF generated by ChatGPT and humans. WCF generated by ChatGPT could review various aspects of writing and provide extensive descriptive feedback, yet it sometimes might experience system fatigue that affects the WCF quality. ChatGPT could also provide inaccurate WCF, give WCF that lacked human nuances, and were greatly influenced by how prompts were presented to it. Meanwhile, humans could provide aspects of WCF not accounted for ChatGPT, but their WCF might involve subjective judgment and be unclear. With these findings in mind, the researcher identified three phases of how ChatGPT can work harmoniously with humans to provide quality WCF for students in writing classrooms. Those phases were making various efforts to enhance WCF generated by ChatGPT in students' writing in support of the feedback provided by lecturers, enhancing students' in-depth understanding that not all ChatGPT feedback is accurate, and combining ChatGPT-based WCF, specifically on earlier drafts of students' writing. Pedagogical implications, which highlighted the essence of working synergistically with ChatGPT and mastering prompts to generate the most helpful WCF, for EFL/ESL lecturers in writing classrooms who wish to support their feedback with ChatGPT to provide quality WCF to their students' written work were presented. The researcher then proposed recommendations for future systematic review studies, expanding the research contexts, the scope of reviewed materials, and the research method of the reviewed articles, to address gaps and expand on the insights presented in this study. – Name: AbstractInfo Label: Abstractor Group: Ab Data: As Provided – Name: DateEntry Label: Entry Date Group: Date Data: 2026 – Name: AN Label: Accession Number Group: ID Data: EJ1497686 |
| PLink | https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=eric&AN=EJ1497686 |
| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Languages: – Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 18 StartPage: 31 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Literature Reviews Type: general – SubjectFull: Higher Education Type: general – SubjectFull: Artificial Intelligence Type: general – SubjectFull: Natural Language Processing Type: general – SubjectFull: Writing (Composition) Type: general – SubjectFull: Writing Evaluation Type: general – SubjectFull: Feedback (Response) Type: general – SubjectFull: Computer Uses in Education Type: general – SubjectFull: English (Second Language) Type: general – SubjectFull: Error Correction Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: ChatGPT's and Humans' Written Corrective Feedback in EFL/ESL Writing: A Systematic Review Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Yustinus Calvin Gai Mali IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 01 Type: published Y: 2026 Identifiers: – Type: issn-electronic Value: 1302-6488 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 27 – Type: issue Value: 1 Titles: – TitleFull: Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education Type: main |
| ResultId | 1 |
