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Household Instability and Self-Regulation in Head Start Children: The Mediating and Moderating Roles of Bedtime Routines

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Title: Household Instability and Self-Regulation in Head Start Children: The Mediating and Moderating Roles of Bedtime Routines
Language: English
Authors: Ying Zhang (ORCID 0000-0003-3040-2433), Sangita Pudasainee-Kapri (ORCID 0000-0001-5485-8553), Rachel A. Razza (ORCID 0000-0002-7734-9505), Nabiha Madre (ORCID 0000-0003-1371-5454)
Source: Infant Mental Health Journal: Infancy and Early Childhood. 2026 47(2).
Availability: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 13
Publication Date: 2026
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Descriptors: Family Environment, Emotional Response, Self Control, Attention, Self Management, Young Children, Low Income Groups, Minority Groups, Toddlers, Early Intervention, Federal Programs, Social Services, Family Problems
Laws, Policies and Program Identifiers: Early Head Start
DOI: 10.1002/imhj.70071
ISSN: 0163-9641
1097-0355
Abstract: Children in unstable homes face frequent changes and distractions from unpredictable events, leading to lower emotional regulation and reduced attentional regulation. This study investigated the role of early bedtime routines in the relationship between household instability and self-regulation among Early Head Start children. Specifically, we investigated whether early bedtime routines function as a mediating mechanism or a moderating factor in the association between early household instability and children's self-regulation. The analytic sample included 1760 primarily low-income, ethnic minority families in the U.S. Using two separate longitudinal models, we tested the mediation effect using path analysis and found that early bedtime routine during toddlerhood (14-36 months) significantly mediated the relationship between household instability and both emotional and attentional regulation at 36 months. However, the moderation analysis did not yield significant evidence supporting the buffering role of bedtime routines. This study provides empirical evidence that parents' engagement in establishing consistent early bedtime routines plays a significant mediating role in supporting the development of children's emotional and attentional regulation in the context of household instability.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2026
Accession Number: EJ1498806
Database: ERIC
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  Data: Household Instability and Self-Regulation in Head Start Children: The Mediating and Moderating Roles of Bedtime Routines
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ying+Zhang%22">Ying Zhang</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3040-2433">0000-0003-3040-2433</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sangita+Pudasainee-Kapri%22">Sangita Pudasainee-Kapri</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5485-8553">0000-0001-5485-8553</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rachel+A%2E+Razza%22">Rachel A. Razza</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7734-9505">0000-0002-7734-9505</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Nabiha+Madre%22">Nabiha Madre</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1371-5454">0000-0003-1371-5454</externalLink>)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Infant+Mental+Health+Journal%3A+Infancy+and+Early+Childhood%22"><i>Infant Mental Health Journal: Infancy and Early Childhood</i></searchLink>. 2026 47(2).
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  Data: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
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  Data: 13
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SU" term="%22Early+Head+Start%22">Early Head Start</searchLink>
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  Data: 10.1002/imhj.70071
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  Data: Children in unstable homes face frequent changes and distractions from unpredictable events, leading to lower emotional regulation and reduced attentional regulation. This study investigated the role of early bedtime routines in the relationship between household instability and self-regulation among Early Head Start children. Specifically, we investigated whether early bedtime routines function as a mediating mechanism or a moderating factor in the association between early household instability and children's self-regulation. The analytic sample included 1760 primarily low-income, ethnic minority families in the U.S. Using two separate longitudinal models, we tested the mediation effect using path analysis and found that early bedtime routine during toddlerhood (14-36 months) significantly mediated the relationship between household instability and both emotional and attentional regulation at 36 months. However, the moderation analysis did not yield significant evidence supporting the buffering role of bedtime routines. This study provides empirical evidence that parents' engagement in establishing consistent early bedtime routines plays a significant mediating role in supporting the development of children's emotional and attentional regulation in the context of household instability.
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  Data: 2026
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      – SubjectFull: Family Environment
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      – SubjectFull: Emotional Response
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      – SubjectFull: Self Control
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      – SubjectFull: Attention
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      – SubjectFull: Toddlers
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      – SubjectFull: Early Intervention
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      – SubjectFull: Federal Programs
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