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Cross-Cultural Validation of the Malevolent Creativity Behavior Scale in 7 Countries

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Title: Cross-Cultural Validation of the Malevolent Creativity Behavior Scale in 7 Countries
Language: English
Authors: Cristian Ramos-Vera (ORCID 0000-0002-3417-5701), Gisele Magarotto Machado, Dritjon Gruda (ORCID 0000-0002-8315-0826), Hongyu Fu (ORCID 0009-0003-4582-4230), Royer Olivera-Cercado (ORCID 0000-0002-8554-3498), Luis Hualparuca-Olivera (ORCID 0000-0002-2026-3524), Bernard Mensah Amoako, Inuusah Mahama (ORCID 0000-0002-1149-1189), Ireri Anthony (ORCID 0000-0002-8999-9273), Eliana Santos de Farias, Tatiana de Cassia Nakano, Carolina Rosa Campos, Bruno Bonfá-Araujo (ORCID 0000-0003-0702-9992)
Source: Journal of Creative Behavior. 2026 60(1).
Availability: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 13
Publication Date: 2026
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Descriptors: Behavior Rating Scales, Measures (Individuals), Creativity Tests, Creativity, Antisocial Behavior, Foreign Countries, Factor Analysis, Factor Structure, Novelty (Stimulus Dimension)
Geographic Terms: Brazil, China, Ghana, Kenya, Peru, United Kingdom, United States
DOI: 10.1002/jocb.70084
ISSN: 0022-0175
2162-6057
Abstract: This study examined the psychometric properties and cross-cultural validity of the Malevolent Creativity Behavior Scale (MCBS). A total of 2937 participants from Brazil, China, Ghana, Kenya, Peru, the United Kingdom, and the United States completed the 13-item MCBS. Confirmatory factor analyses compared multiple factor structures (unidimensional, three-factor, hierarchical, and bifactor), and measurement invariance was tested both across countries and by sex. The original three-factor solution demonstrated a generally acceptable fit. The measurement invariance findings indicated that the MCBS retains stable thresholds and factor loadings across groups, supporting the meaningfulness of comparisons. No significant item bias emerged by sex. However, most MCBS items do not reference novelty, a defining feature of creativity, posing the concern that the MCBS focuses more on malevolent ideation or antagonistic behaviors rather than creative malevolent processes. Overall, the results underscore the MCBS as a reliable tool for measuring harmful and creative behaviors in diverse cultural and demographic contexts. These findings contribute to the growing understanding of how malevolent creativity manifests and can be measured worldwide.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2026
Accession Number: EJ1500550
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
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PubType: Academic Journal
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  Data: Cross-Cultural Validation of the Malevolent Creativity Behavior Scale in 7 Countries
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  Data: English
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cristian+Ramos-Vera%22">Cristian Ramos-Vera</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3417-5701">0000-0002-3417-5701</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gisele+Magarotto+Machado%22">Gisele Magarotto Machado</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dritjon+Gruda%22">Dritjon Gruda</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8315-0826">0000-0002-8315-0826</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hongyu+Fu%22">Hongyu Fu</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4582-4230">0009-0003-4582-4230</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Royer+Olivera-Cercado%22">Royer Olivera-Cercado</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8554-3498">0000-0002-8554-3498</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Luis+Hualparuca-Olivera%22">Luis Hualparuca-Olivera</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2026-3524">0000-0002-2026-3524</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bernard+Mensah+Amoako%22">Bernard Mensah Amoako</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Inuusah+Mahama%22">Inuusah Mahama</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1149-1189">0000-0002-1149-1189</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ireri+Anthony%22">Ireri Anthony</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8999-9273">0000-0002-8999-9273</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Eliana+Santos+de+Farias%22">Eliana Santos de Farias</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tatiana+de+Cassia+Nakano%22">Tatiana de Cassia Nakano</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Carolina+Rosa+Campos%22">Carolina Rosa Campos</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bruno+Bonfá-Araujo%22">Bruno Bonfá-Araujo</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0702-9992">0000-0003-0702-9992</externalLink>)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Journal+of+Creative+Behavior%22"><i>Journal of Creative Behavior</i></searchLink>. 2026 60(1).
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  Label: Availability
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  Data: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
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  Label: Peer Reviewed
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  Data: Y
– Name: Pages
  Label: Page Count
  Group: Src
  Data: 13
– Name: DatePubCY
  Label: Publication Date
  Group: Date
  Data: 2026
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  Label: Document Type
  Group: TypDoc
  Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Research
– Name: Subject
  Label: Descriptors
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Behavior+Rating+Scales%22">Behavior Rating Scales</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Measures+%28Individuals%29%22">Measures (Individuals)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Creativity+Tests%22">Creativity Tests</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Creativity%22">Creativity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Antisocial+Behavior%22">Antisocial Behavior</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Foreign+Countries%22">Foreign Countries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Factor+Analysis%22">Factor Analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Factor+Structure%22">Factor Structure</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Novelty+%28Stimulus+Dimension%29%22">Novelty (Stimulus Dimension)</searchLink>
– Name: Subject
  Label: Geographic Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Brazil%22">Brazil</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22China%22">China</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ghana%22">Ghana</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Kenya%22">Kenya</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Peru%22">Peru</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22United+Kingdom%22">United Kingdom</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22United+States%22">United States</searchLink>
– Name: DOI
  Label: DOI
  Group: ID
  Data: 10.1002/jocb.70084
– Name: ISSN
  Label: ISSN
  Group: ISSN
  Data: 0022-0175<br />2162-6057
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: This study examined the psychometric properties and cross-cultural validity of the Malevolent Creativity Behavior Scale (MCBS). A total of 2937 participants from Brazil, China, Ghana, Kenya, Peru, the United Kingdom, and the United States completed the 13-item MCBS. Confirmatory factor analyses compared multiple factor structures (unidimensional, three-factor, hierarchical, and bifactor), and measurement invariance was tested both across countries and by sex. The original three-factor solution demonstrated a generally acceptable fit. The measurement invariance findings indicated that the MCBS retains stable thresholds and factor loadings across groups, supporting the meaningfulness of comparisons. No significant item bias emerged by sex. However, most MCBS items do not reference novelty, a defining feature of creativity, posing the concern that the MCBS focuses more on malevolent ideation or antagonistic behaviors rather than creative malevolent processes. Overall, the results underscore the MCBS as a reliable tool for measuring harmful and creative behaviors in diverse cultural and demographic contexts. These findings contribute to the growing understanding of how malevolent creativity manifests and can be measured worldwide.
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  Data: 2026
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  Data: EJ1500550
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        Value: 10.1002/jocb.70084
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      – Text: English
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        PageCount: 13
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      – SubjectFull: Behavior Rating Scales
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Measures (Individuals)
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      – SubjectFull: Creativity Tests
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      – SubjectFull: Brazil
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