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How to Improve Drivers' Hazard Perception Ability? An Interactive Training Method Based on VR Technology and the Unity 3D Platform

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Title: How to Improve Drivers' Hazard Perception Ability? An Interactive Training Method Based on VR Technology and the Unity 3D Platform
Language: English
Authors: Yang Ding, Xiaohua Zhao, Ying Yao, Chenxi He, Pengcheng Yu, Shuo Liu
Source: Interactive Learning Environments. 2025 33(7):4442-4459.
Availability: Routledge. Available from: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 530 Walnut Street Suite 850, Philadelphia, PA 19106. Tel: 800-354-1420; Tel: 215-625-8900; Fax: 215-207-0050; Web site: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 18
Publication Date: 2025
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Descriptors: Traffic Safety, Driver Education, Perceptual Development, Computer Simulation, Computer Uses in Education, Instructional Effectiveness, Interactive Video, Training Methods, Foreign Countries
Geographic Terms: China
DOI: 10.1080/10494820.2025.2465438
ISSN: 1049-4820
1744-5191
Abstract: Effective hazard perception training is crucial for improving road safety, yet the factors influencing its efficacy remain underexplored. This study assessed the efficacy of an interactive hazard perception training program utilizing Virtual Reality (VR) technology and the Unity 3D Platform. A driving simulator experiment was conducted with 34 licensed drivers, who were exposed to 20 high-risk urban driving scenarios. Data were collected over three test sessions: baseline, immediately post-training, and 7 days post-training. The study focused on two types of conflict scenarios--horizontal and vertical. Our analysis showed that drivers' HPTs followed a Weibull distribution, which allowed us to develop an accelerated failure time (AFT) model. The results indicated that scene conflict type and driver age positively affected HPT, while test session and initial driving speed showed an inverse relationship. Importantly, the training significantly improved drivers' ability to identify hazards, with notable improvements in both horizontal and vertical conflict scenarios observed immediately after training and 7 days later. This study demonstrates that VR-based hazard perception training effectively enhances drivers' hazard detection skills. These findings contribute to the development of more standardized and effective models for hazard perception training, offering potential for wider application in driver education and road safety programs.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2026
Accession Number: EJ1501107
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
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  Data: How to Improve Drivers' Hazard Perception Ability? An Interactive Training Method Based on VR Technology and the Unity 3D Platform
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  Data: English
– Name: Author
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yang+Ding%22">Yang Ding</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xiaohua+Zhao%22">Xiaohua Zhao</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ying+Yao%22">Ying Yao</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chenxi+He%22">Chenxi He</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Pengcheng+Yu%22">Pengcheng Yu</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Shuo+Liu%22">Shuo Liu</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Interactive+Learning+Environments%22"><i>Interactive Learning Environments</i></searchLink>. 2025 33(7):4442-4459.
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  Data: Routledge. Available from: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 530 Walnut Street Suite 850, Philadelphia, PA 19106. Tel: 800-354-1420; Tel: 215-625-8900; Fax: 215-207-0050; Web site: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals
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  Data: Y
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  Data: 18
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  Data: 2025
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  Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Research
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Traffic+Safety%22">Traffic Safety</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Driver+Education%22">Driver Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Perceptual+Development%22">Perceptual Development</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Computer+Simulation%22">Computer Simulation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Computer+Uses+in+Education%22">Computer Uses in Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Instructional+Effectiveness%22">Instructional Effectiveness</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Interactive+Video%22">Interactive Video</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Training+Methods%22">Training Methods</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Foreign+Countries%22">Foreign Countries</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22China%22">China</searchLink>
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  Data: 10.1080/10494820.2025.2465438
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  Data: 1049-4820<br />1744-5191
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Effective hazard perception training is crucial for improving road safety, yet the factors influencing its efficacy remain underexplored. This study assessed the efficacy of an interactive hazard perception training program utilizing Virtual Reality (VR) technology and the Unity 3D Platform. A driving simulator experiment was conducted with 34 licensed drivers, who were exposed to 20 high-risk urban driving scenarios. Data were collected over three test sessions: baseline, immediately post-training, and 7 days post-training. The study focused on two types of conflict scenarios--horizontal and vertical. Our analysis showed that drivers' HPTs followed a Weibull distribution, which allowed us to develop an accelerated failure time (AFT) model. The results indicated that scene conflict type and driver age positively affected HPT, while test session and initial driving speed showed an inverse relationship. Importantly, the training significantly improved drivers' ability to identify hazards, with notable improvements in both horizontal and vertical conflict scenarios observed immediately after training and 7 days later. This study demonstrates that VR-based hazard perception training effectively enhances drivers' hazard detection skills. These findings contribute to the development of more standardized and effective models for hazard perception training, offering potential for wider application in driver education and road safety programs.
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  Data: 2026
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  Label: Accession Number
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  Data: EJ1501107
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        Value: 10.1080/10494820.2025.2465438
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      – Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 18
        StartPage: 4442
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Traffic Safety
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Driver Education
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      – SubjectFull: Perceptual Development
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      – SubjectFull: Computer Simulation
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      – SubjectFull: Training Methods
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      – SubjectFull: Foreign Countries
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      – SubjectFull: China
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      – TitleFull: How to Improve Drivers' Hazard Perception Ability? An Interactive Training Method Based on VR Technology and the Unity 3D Platform
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            NameFull: Yang Ding
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