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Reconsidering Determinants of Title IX Compliance: Introducing Admission Factors Disaggregated by Gender and Female Athletic Expenditures

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Title: Reconsidering Determinants of Title IX Compliance: Introducing Admission Factors Disaggregated by Gender and Female Athletic Expenditures
Language: English
Authors: Ryan Creps (ORCID 0000-0002-8592-5381)
Source: Educational Policy. 2026 40(3):410-441.
Availability: SAGE Publications. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. Tel: 800-818-7243; Tel: 805-499-9774; Fax: 800-583-2665; e-mail: journals@sagepub.com; Web site: https://sagepub.com
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 32
Publication Date: 2026
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Education Level: Higher Education
Postsecondary Education
Descriptors: Higher Education, Educational Legislation, Federal Legislation, Gender Discrimination, Sex Fairness, Intercollegiate Cooperation, College Athletics, Compliance (Legal), Females, Student Athletes, College Admission, Gender Differences, Private Colleges, Enrollment Management, Equal Education
Laws, Policies and Program Identifiers: Higher Education Act Title IX, Title IX Education Amendments 1972, Womens Educational Equity Act
DOI: 10.1177/08959048251345826
ISSN: 0895-9048
1552-3896
Abstract: This cross-sectional study combines data from the Equity in Athletics Disclosure website and the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) to analyze the factors associated with Title IX compliance in respect to the proportional representation of women in college athletics in the academic years of 2002-2003, 2012-2013, and 2022-2023 across NCAA divisions. It introduces admission and athletic funding measures as potential levers to achieving compliance. The analysis finds highly significant correlations between the percentage of female applicants and noncompliance as well as a strong association between offering a male admission advantage and lower noncompliance rates.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2026
Accession Number: EJ1501586
Database: ERIC
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  Data: SAGE Publications. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. Tel: 800-818-7243; Tel: 805-499-9774; Fax: 800-583-2665; e-mail: journals@sagepub.com; Web site: https://sagepub.com
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  Data: This cross-sectional study combines data from the Equity in Athletics Disclosure website and the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) to analyze the factors associated with Title IX compliance in respect to the proportional representation of women in college athletics in the academic years of 2002-2003, 2012-2013, and 2022-2023 across NCAA divisions. It introduces admission and athletic funding measures as potential levers to achieving compliance. The analysis finds highly significant correlations between the percentage of female applicants and noncompliance as well as a strong association between offering a male admission advantage and lower noncompliance rates.
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        StartPage: 410
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      – SubjectFull: Higher Education
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      – SubjectFull: Federal Legislation
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      – SubjectFull: Females
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      – SubjectFull: Student Athletes
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      – SubjectFull: College Admission
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      – SubjectFull: Womens Educational Equity Act
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