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Validation of an IR4.0 Talent Framework for TVET Students Using Principal Component Analysis in Work-Based Learning

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Title: Validation of an IR4.0 Talent Framework for TVET Students Using Principal Component Analysis in Work-Based Learning
Language: English
Authors: Muhammad Haziq Mazlan (ORCID 0009-0009-8248-4953), Saifullizam Puteh, Muhammad Ikhwan Hafiz Bahrum, Zunuwanas Mohamad, Nor Lisa Sulaiman, Kahirol Mohd Salleh, Wan Rosemehah Wan Omar, Rosnawati Buhari, Hartoyo Mp
Source: Higher Education, Skills and Work-based Learning. 2026 16(2):311-328.
Availability: Emerald Publishing Limited. Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley, West Yorkshire, BD16 1WA, UK. Tel: +44-1274-777700; Fax: +44-1274-785201; e-mail: emerald@emeraldinsight.com; Web site: http://www.emerald.com/insight
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 18
Publication Date: 2026
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Education Level: Higher Education
Postsecondary Education
Two Year Colleges
Descriptors: Career and Technical Education, Talent Development, Work Based Learning, Program Validation, Technical Institutes, Foreign Countries, Alignment (Education), Industry, Job Skills, Ethics, Workplace Learning
Geographic Terms: Malaysia
DOI: 10.1108/HESWBL-07-2025-0298
ISSN: 2042-3896
Abstract: Purpose: This study aims to develop and validate an Industry 4.0 (IR4.0) talent framework for Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) students enrolled in work-based learning (WBL) programmes, ensuring they are equipped with relevant technical, cognitive, personal and ethical competencies. Design/methodology/approach: An exploratory sequential mixed-methods design was employed. In Phase 1, semi-structured interviews with 11 experts identified key talent domains. In Phase 2, a survey of 159 final-year WBL students from four Malaysian polytechnics was conducted. Data were analysed using principal component analysis (PCA) to validate the framework's domains and components. Findings: The study validated four distinct and unidimensional talent domains: Intellectual Talents, Proficiency in Work Talent, Individual Talent Potential and Ethical Professional Talent. PCA results confirmed strong construct validity across all domains, with high explained variance ratios and item fit indices, indicating the robustness of the framework. Research limitations/implications : The study is limited to Malaysian polytechnic students and may not fully generalise across different education systems or countries. Future research should include cross-country comparisons and longitudinal assessments of framework impact on employability. Practical implications: The framework provides TVET educators and policymakers with a structured model to revise curricula and align WBL programmes with IR4.0 industry demands, enhancing graduate readiness. Social implications: Adoption of the framework can address the national skills mismatch by fostering a future-ready workforce equipped with ethical, adaptable and innovative capabilities. Originality/value: This study presents a validated and holistic IR4.0 talent framework uniquely tailored for TVET-WBL contexts, integrating theoretical and practical insights to inform talent development in the digital age.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2026
Accession Number: EJ1501757
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
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  Data: Validation of an IR4.0 Talent Framework for TVET Students Using Principal Component Analysis in Work-Based Learning
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Muhammad+Haziq+Mazlan%22">Muhammad Haziq Mazlan</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8248-4953">0009-0009-8248-4953</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Saifullizam+Puteh%22">Saifullizam Puteh</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Muhammad+Ikhwan+Hafiz+Bahrum%22">Muhammad Ikhwan Hafiz Bahrum</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zunuwanas+Mohamad%22">Zunuwanas Mohamad</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Nor+Lisa+Sulaiman%22">Nor Lisa Sulaiman</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kahirol+Mohd+Salleh%22">Kahirol Mohd Salleh</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wan+Rosemehah+Wan+Omar%22">Wan Rosemehah Wan Omar</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rosnawati+Buhari%22">Rosnawati Buhari</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hartoyo+Mp%22">Hartoyo Mp</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Higher+Education%2C+Skills+and+Work-based+Learning%22"><i>Higher Education, Skills and Work-based Learning</i></searchLink>. 2026 16(2):311-328.
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  Data: Emerald Publishing Limited. Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley, West Yorkshire, BD16 1WA, UK. Tel: +44-1274-777700; Fax: +44-1274-785201; e-mail: emerald@emeraldinsight.com; Web site: http://www.emerald.com/insight
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  Data: 18
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  Data: 2026
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  Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Research
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Higher+Education%22">Higher Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Postsecondary+Education%22">Postsecondary Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Two+Year+Colleges%22">Two Year Colleges</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Career+and+Technical+Education%22">Career and Technical Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Talent+Development%22">Talent Development</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Work+Based+Learning%22">Work Based Learning</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Program+Validation%22">Program Validation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Technical+Institutes%22">Technical Institutes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Foreign+Countries%22">Foreign Countries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Alignment+%28Education%29%22">Alignment (Education)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Industry%22">Industry</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Job+Skills%22">Job Skills</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ethics%22">Ethics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Workplace+Learning%22">Workplace Learning</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Malaysia%22">Malaysia</searchLink>
– Name: DOI
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  Data: 10.1108/HESWBL-07-2025-0298
– Name: ISSN
  Label: ISSN
  Group: ISSN
  Data: 2042-3896
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Purpose: This study aims to develop and validate an Industry 4.0 (IR4.0) talent framework for Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) students enrolled in work-based learning (WBL) programmes, ensuring they are equipped with relevant technical, cognitive, personal and ethical competencies. Design/methodology/approach: An exploratory sequential mixed-methods design was employed. In Phase 1, semi-structured interviews with 11 experts identified key talent domains. In Phase 2, a survey of 159 final-year WBL students from four Malaysian polytechnics was conducted. Data were analysed using principal component analysis (PCA) to validate the framework's domains and components. Findings: The study validated four distinct and unidimensional talent domains: Intellectual Talents, Proficiency in Work Talent, Individual Talent Potential and Ethical Professional Talent. PCA results confirmed strong construct validity across all domains, with high explained variance ratios and item fit indices, indicating the robustness of the framework. Research limitations/implications : The study is limited to Malaysian polytechnic students and may not fully generalise across different education systems or countries. Future research should include cross-country comparisons and longitudinal assessments of framework impact on employability. Practical implications: The framework provides TVET educators and policymakers with a structured model to revise curricula and align WBL programmes with IR4.0 industry demands, enhancing graduate readiness. Social implications: Adoption of the framework can address the national skills mismatch by fostering a future-ready workforce equipped with ethical, adaptable and innovative capabilities. Originality/value: This study presents a validated and holistic IR4.0 talent framework uniquely tailored for TVET-WBL contexts, integrating theoretical and practical insights to inform talent development in the digital age.
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        Value: 10.1108/HESWBL-07-2025-0298
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      – Text: English
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        PageCount: 18
        StartPage: 311
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Career and Technical Education
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Talent Development
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      – SubjectFull: Work Based Learning
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      – SubjectFull: Program Validation
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      – SubjectFull: Technical Institutes
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      – SubjectFull: Foreign Countries
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      – SubjectFull: Alignment (Education)
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      – SubjectFull: Industry
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      – SubjectFull: Job Skills
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      – SubjectFull: Ethics
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      – SubjectFull: Workplace Learning
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      – SubjectFull: Malaysia
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