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Joint Developmental Trajectories of Anxious Solitude and Peer Adversities from Early Childhood through Adolescence: Characteristics and Associations with Indices of Internalizing Problems

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Title: Joint Developmental Trajectories of Anxious Solitude and Peer Adversities from Early Childhood through Adolescence: Characteristics and Associations with Indices of Internalizing Problems
Language: English
Authors: Gary W. Ladd (ORCID 0000-0003-3111-8661), Idean Ettekal, Robert J. Coplan, Becky Kochenderfer-Ladd
Source: Developmental Psychology. 2025 61(2):397-416.
Availability: American Psychological Association. Journals Department, 750 First Street NE, Washington, DC 20002. Tel: 800-374-2721; Tel: 202-336-5510; Fax: 202-336-5502; e-mail: order@apa.org; Web site: http://www.apa.org
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 20
Publication Date: 2025
Sponsoring Agency: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (DHHS/NIH)
Contract Number: 1RO1MH49223
2RO1MH49223
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Education Level: Elementary Education
Secondary Education
Elementary Secondary Education
Descriptors: Anxiety, Child Development, Adolescent Development, Behavior Problems, Psychological Patterns, Self Esteem, Depression (Psychology), Withdrawal (Psychology), Rejection (Psychology), Bullying, Elementary School Students, Secondary School Students, Peer Groups
Geographic Terms: Illinois
Assessment and Survey Identifiers: Child Behavior Checklist, Perceived Competence Scale for Children
DOI: 10.1037/dev0001848
ISSN: 0012-1649
1939-0599
Abstract: This study's aims were to identify distinct classes of youth exhibiting differing joint trajectories of anxious solitude (AS) and peer adversities from early childhood to adolescence and to examine relations between trajectory classes and the development of internalizing problems. A sample of 383 children (193 girls) was followed from kindergarten (M[subscript age] = 5.56 years) through Grade 12 (M[subscript age] = 17.89). Measures of AS, peer group rejection and victimization, loneliness, self-esteem, and depression were repeatedly administered across this epoch. Results revealed multiple joint-trajectory classes characterized by varying combinations of AS and peer adversity, and children in these classes differed in the development of internalizing problems over time. Consistent with diathesis--stress hypotheses, two types of peer adversities (stressors), peer group rejection and peer victimization, moderated the relations between children's propensity to engage in AS (diathesis) and the development of specific internalizing problems, including loneliness, depression, and low self-esteem. These findings suggest that socially vulnerable children (i.e., those high in AS) are particularly prone to developing internalizing problems in the face of peer adversity.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2026
Accession Number: EJ1502394
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
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  Data: Joint Developmental Trajectories of Anxious Solitude and Peer Adversities from Early Childhood through Adolescence: Characteristics and Associations with Indices of Internalizing Problems
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gary+W%2E+Ladd%22">Gary W. Ladd</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3111-8661">0000-0003-3111-8661</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Idean+Ettekal%22">Idean Ettekal</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Robert+J%2E+Coplan%22">Robert J. Coplan</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Becky+Kochenderfer-Ladd%22">Becky Kochenderfer-Ladd</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Developmental+Psychology%22"><i>Developmental Psychology</i></searchLink>. 2025 61(2):397-416.
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  Data: American Psychological Association. Journals Department, 750 First Street NE, Washington, DC 20002. Tel: 800-374-2721; Tel: 202-336-5510; Fax: 202-336-5502; e-mail: order@apa.org; Web site: http://www.apa.org
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  Data: Y
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  Data: 20
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  Data: 2025
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  Data: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (DHHS/NIH)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Illinois%22">Illinois</searchLink>
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: This study's aims were to identify distinct classes of youth exhibiting differing joint trajectories of anxious solitude (AS) and peer adversities from early childhood to adolescence and to examine relations between trajectory classes and the development of internalizing problems. A sample of 383 children (193 girls) was followed from kindergarten (M[subscript age] = 5.56 years) through Grade 12 (M[subscript age] = 17.89). Measures of AS, peer group rejection and victimization, loneliness, self-esteem, and depression were repeatedly administered across this epoch. Results revealed multiple joint-trajectory classes characterized by varying combinations of AS and peer adversity, and children in these classes differed in the development of internalizing problems over time. Consistent with diathesis--stress hypotheses, two types of peer adversities (stressors), peer group rejection and peer victimization, moderated the relations between children's propensity to engage in AS (diathesis) and the development of specific internalizing problems, including loneliness, depression, and low self-esteem. These findings suggest that socially vulnerable children (i.e., those high in AS) are particularly prone to developing internalizing problems in the face of peer adversity.
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  Data: 2026
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  Data: EJ1502394
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        Value: 10.1037/dev0001848
    Languages:
      – Text: English
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        PageCount: 20
        StartPage: 397
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Anxiety
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Child Development
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Adolescent Development
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Behavior Problems
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      – SubjectFull: Psychological Patterns
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      – SubjectFull: Withdrawal (Psychology)
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      – SubjectFull: Bullying
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      – SubjectFull: Elementary School Students
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      – SubjectFull: Secondary School Students
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      – SubjectFull: Peer Groups
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      – SubjectFull: Illinois
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      – SubjectFull: Child Behavior Checklist
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      – SubjectFull: Perceived Competence Scale for Children
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      – TitleFull: Joint Developmental Trajectories of Anxious Solitude and Peer Adversities from Early Childhood through Adolescence: Characteristics and Associations with Indices of Internalizing Problems
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              Y: 2025
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