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The Effects of Incidental Focus on Form on Learning Vocabulary, Grammar, and Pronunciation

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Title: The Effects of Incidental Focus on Form on Learning Vocabulary, Grammar, and Pronunciation
Language: English
Authors: Amin Pouresmaeil (ORCID 0000-0002-0636-3326), Mehran Vali
Source: Language Teaching Research. 2026 30(4):2212-2235.
Availability: SAGE Publications. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. Tel: 800-818-7243; Tel: 805-499-9774; Fax: 800-583-2665; e-mail: journals@sagepub.com; Web site: https://sagepub.com
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 24
Publication Date: 2026
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Descriptors: Incidental Learning, Vocabulary Development, Grammar, Pronunciation, Second Language Learning, English (Second Language), Learning Processes, Language Acquisition, Retention (Psychology), Phonology
DOI: 10.1177/13621688231185419
ISSN: 1362-1688
1477-0954
Abstract: Previous studies on incidental focus on form (FonF) have mostly focused on its overall effectiveness. This study is an attempt to further examine the effectiveness of incidental FonF with regard to different linguistic categories (vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation). To this end, eight hours of a free discussion English as a foreign language (EFL) class with 12 upper-intermediate learners were observed, and instances of focus on form episodes (FFEs) were identified. Uptake sheets were also used to identify the learners' noticing of FFEs and their novelty to them. To measure the effects of incidental FonF on learning different linguistic categories, individualized immediate and delayed post-tests were designed based on learners' on-the-spot written reports of noticing of novel linguistic forms addressed by FFEs. The results indicated that incidental FonF was almost equally effective in developing learners' knowledge of different linguistic forms. The findings also revealed that incidental FonF was effective in fostering learners' knowledge of different linguistic forms at both explicit/implicit and receptive/productive levels.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2026
Accession Number: EJ1502761
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
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  Data: The Effects of Incidental Focus on Form on Learning Vocabulary, Grammar, and Pronunciation
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  Data: English
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Amin+Pouresmaeil%22">Amin Pouresmaeil</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0636-3326">0000-0002-0636-3326</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mehran+Vali%22">Mehran Vali</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Language+Teaching+Research%22"><i>Language Teaching Research</i></searchLink>. 2026 30(4):2212-2235.
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  Data: SAGE Publications. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. Tel: 800-818-7243; Tel: 805-499-9774; Fax: 800-583-2665; e-mail: journals@sagepub.com; Web site: https://sagepub.com
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  Data: 24
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Incidental+Learning%22">Incidental Learning</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Vocabulary+Development%22">Vocabulary Development</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Grammar%22">Grammar</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Pronunciation%22">Pronunciation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Second+Language+Learning%22">Second Language Learning</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22English+%28Second+Language%29%22">English (Second Language)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Learning+Processes%22">Learning Processes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Language+Acquisition%22">Language Acquisition</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Retention+%28Psychology%29%22">Retention (Psychology)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Phonology%22">Phonology</searchLink>
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  Data: 10.1177/13621688231185419
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  Data: 1362-1688<br />1477-0954
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  Data: Previous studies on incidental focus on form (FonF) have mostly focused on its overall effectiveness. This study is an attempt to further examine the effectiveness of incidental FonF with regard to different linguistic categories (vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation). To this end, eight hours of a free discussion English as a foreign language (EFL) class with 12 upper-intermediate learners were observed, and instances of focus on form episodes (FFEs) were identified. Uptake sheets were also used to identify the learners' noticing of FFEs and their novelty to them. To measure the effects of incidental FonF on learning different linguistic categories, individualized immediate and delayed post-tests were designed based on learners' on-the-spot written reports of noticing of novel linguistic forms addressed by FFEs. The results indicated that incidental FonF was almost equally effective in developing learners' knowledge of different linguistic forms. The findings also revealed that incidental FonF was effective in fostering learners' knowledge of different linguistic forms at both explicit/implicit and receptive/productive levels.
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        Value: 10.1177/13621688231185419
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      – Text: English
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        PageCount: 24
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      – SubjectFull: Vocabulary Development
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      – SubjectFull: Grammar
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      – SubjectFull: Pronunciation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Second Language Learning
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: English (Second Language)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Learning Processes
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      – SubjectFull: Language Acquisition
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      – SubjectFull: Retention (Psychology)
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      – SubjectFull: Phonology
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      – TitleFull: The Effects of Incidental Focus on Form on Learning Vocabulary, Grammar, and Pronunciation
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              Y: 2026
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