View in EDS

The Factorial Validity and Measurement Invariance of the 7Cs of Positive Youth Development among Emerging Adults in Southeast Asia

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Title: The Factorial Validity and Measurement Invariance of the 7Cs of Positive Youth Development among Emerging Adults in Southeast Asia
Language: English
Authors: Jet Uy Buenconsejo (ORCID 0000-0003-3777-8601), Laura Ferrer-Wreder, Nor Ba'yah Abdul Kadir, Steven Krauss, Yue Yu, John Jamir Benzon Aruta, Angela Oktavia Suryani, Priyoth Kittiteerasack, Radosveta Dimitrova
Source: Developmental Psychology. 2026 62(1):176-189.
Availability: American Psychological Association. Journals Department, 750 First Street NE, Washington, DC 20002. Tel: 800-374-2721; Tel: 202-336-5510; Fax: 202-336-5502; e-mail: order@apa.org; Web site: http://www.apa.org
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 14
Publication Date: 2026
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Descriptors: Models, Validity, Measurement, Young Adults, Foreign Countries, Gender Differences, Age Differences, COVID-19, Pandemics, Anxiety, Social Behavior, Individual Development, Educational Attainment
Geographic Terms: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand
DOI: 10.1037/dev0001956
ISSN: 0012-1649
1939-0599
Abstract: Positive youth development (PYD) has gained considerable traction among developmental scientists, but past studies were generally conducted among youth samples from Minority World countries. This study investigated the factorial validity of the newly developed 7Cs model of PYD (competence, confidence, connection, character, caring, contribution, and creativity). Specifically, we compared four measurement models (one-factor, seven-factor, higher order, and bifactor) among emerging adults living in five Southeast Asian countries. The study also aimed to establish evidence of measurement invariance across gender, age, education, and country of origin. Criterion-related validity was also sought using COVID-19 socially responsive behaviors and anxiety. Controlling for the influence of gender, age, and education, sample-level comparisons were also performed on the 7Cs. Data came from 1,888 emerging adults (M[subscript age] = 24.10; SD[subscript age] = 6.89) from Indonesia (n = 253), Malaysia (n = 289), the Philippines (n = 496), Singapore (n = 306), and Thailand (n = 544) during the pandemic. The results supported the superiority of the seven-factor model, which exhibited strict invariance across gender, age, and education and partial scalar invariance across country of origin. The 7Cs exhibited mixed associations with the pandemic-related measures. Significant differences were found in the 7Cs across the five countries. The study provides additional evidence on the theoretical validity of the 7Cs model among youth from understudied settings, while also highlighting avenues for refining current PYD measures.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2026
Accession Number: EJ1503145
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
  Availability: 0
Header DbId: eric
DbLabel: ERIC
An: EJ1503145
AccessLevel: 3
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
IllustrationInfo
Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: The Factorial Validity and Measurement Invariance of the 7Cs of Positive Youth Development among Emerging Adults in Southeast Asia
– Name: Language
  Label: Language
  Group: Lang
  Data: English
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
  Group: Au
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jet+Uy+Buenconsejo%22">Jet Uy Buenconsejo</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-8601">0000-0003-3777-8601</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Laura+Ferrer-Wreder%22">Laura Ferrer-Wreder</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Nor+Ba'yah+Abdul+Kadir%22">Nor Ba'yah Abdul Kadir</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Steven+Krauss%22">Steven Krauss</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yue+Yu%22">Yue Yu</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22John+Jamir+Benzon+Aruta%22">John Jamir Benzon Aruta</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Angela+Oktavia+Suryani%22">Angela Oktavia Suryani</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Priyoth+Kittiteerasack%22">Priyoth Kittiteerasack</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Radosveta+Dimitrova%22">Radosveta Dimitrova</searchLink>
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Source
  Group: Src
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Developmental+Psychology%22"><i>Developmental Psychology</i></searchLink>. 2026 62(1):176-189.
– Name: Avail
  Label: Availability
  Group: Avail
  Data: American Psychological Association. Journals Department, 750 First Street NE, Washington, DC 20002. Tel: 800-374-2721; Tel: 202-336-5510; Fax: 202-336-5502; e-mail: order@apa.org; Web site: http://www.apa.org
– Name: PeerReviewed
  Label: Peer Reviewed
  Group: SrcInfo
  Data: Y
– Name: Pages
  Label: Page Count
  Group: Src
  Data: 14
– Name: DatePubCY
  Label: Publication Date
  Group: Date
  Data: 2026
– Name: TypeDocument
  Label: Document Type
  Group: TypDoc
  Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Research
– Name: Subject
  Label: Descriptors
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Models%22">Models</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Validity%22">Validity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Measurement%22">Measurement</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Young+Adults%22">Young Adults</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Foreign+Countries%22">Foreign Countries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Gender+Differences%22">Gender Differences</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Age+Differences%22">Age Differences</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22COVID-19%22">COVID-19</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Pandemics%22">Pandemics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Anxiety%22">Anxiety</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Social+Behavior%22">Social Behavior</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Individual+Development%22">Individual Development</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Educational+Attainment%22">Educational Attainment</searchLink>
– Name: Subject
  Label: Geographic Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Indonesia%22">Indonesia</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Malaysia%22">Malaysia</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Philippines%22">Philippines</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Singapore%22">Singapore</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thailand%22">Thailand</searchLink>
– Name: DOI
  Label: DOI
  Group: ID
  Data: 10.1037/dev0001956
– Name: ISSN
  Label: ISSN
  Group: ISSN
  Data: 0012-1649<br />1939-0599
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Positive youth development (PYD) has gained considerable traction among developmental scientists, but past studies were generally conducted among youth samples from Minority World countries. This study investigated the factorial validity of the newly developed 7Cs model of PYD (competence, confidence, connection, character, caring, contribution, and creativity). Specifically, we compared four measurement models (one-factor, seven-factor, higher order, and bifactor) among emerging adults living in five Southeast Asian countries. The study also aimed to establish evidence of measurement invariance across gender, age, education, and country of origin. Criterion-related validity was also sought using COVID-19 socially responsive behaviors and anxiety. Controlling for the influence of gender, age, and education, sample-level comparisons were also performed on the 7Cs. Data came from 1,888 emerging adults (M[subscript age] = 24.10; SD[subscript age] = 6.89) from Indonesia (n = 253), Malaysia (n = 289), the Philippines (n = 496), Singapore (n = 306), and Thailand (n = 544) during the pandemic. The results supported the superiority of the seven-factor model, which exhibited strict invariance across gender, age, and education and partial scalar invariance across country of origin. The 7Cs exhibited mixed associations with the pandemic-related measures. Significant differences were found in the 7Cs across the five countries. The study provides additional evidence on the theoretical validity of the 7Cs model among youth from understudied settings, while also highlighting avenues for refining current PYD measures.
– Name: AbstractInfo
  Label: Abstractor
  Group: Ab
  Data: As Provided
– Name: DateEntry
  Label: Entry Date
  Group: Date
  Data: 2026
– Name: AN
  Label: Accession Number
  Group: ID
  Data: EJ1503145
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=eric&AN=EJ1503145
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1037/dev0001956
    Languages:
      – Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 14
        StartPage: 176
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Models
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Validity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Measurement
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Young Adults
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Foreign Countries
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Gender Differences
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Age Differences
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: COVID-19
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Pandemics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Anxiety
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Social Behavior
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Individual Development
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Educational Attainment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Indonesia
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Malaysia
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Philippines
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Singapore
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Thailand
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: The Factorial Validity and Measurement Invariance of the 7Cs of Positive Youth Development among Emerging Adults in Southeast Asia
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Jet Uy Buenconsejo
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Laura Ferrer-Wreder
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Nor Ba'yah Abdul Kadir
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Steven Krauss
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Yue Yu
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: John Jamir Benzon Aruta
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Angela Oktavia Suryani
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Priyoth Kittiteerasack
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Radosveta Dimitrova
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 01
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 0012-1649
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 1939-0599
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 62
            – Type: issue
              Value: 1
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Developmental Psychology
              Type: main
ResultId 1