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Evaluating Student Learning Outcomes: A Comparative Analysis of Direct and Indirect Measurement

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Title: Evaluating Student Learning Outcomes: A Comparative Analysis of Direct and Indirect Measurement
Language: English
Authors: Hans Kristianto, Linda Gandajaya, Arfin Arfin, Susiana Prasetyo, Ratna Frida Susanti, Mariskha Tri Adithia
Source: Quality Assurance in Education: An International Perspective. 2026 34(2):175-190.
Availability: Emerald Publishing Limited. Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley, West Yorkshire, BD16 1WA, UK. Tel: +44-1274-777700; Fax: +44-1274-785201; e-mail: emerald@emeraldinsight.com; Web site: http://www.emerald.com/insight
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 16
Publication Date: 2026
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Education Level: Higher Education
Postsecondary Education
Descriptors: Student Evaluation, Outcomes of Education, Models, Chemical Engineering, Foreign Countries, Evaluation Methods, Measurement, Student Educational Objectives, Engineering Education, Student Attitudes, College Students
Geographic Terms: Indonesia
DOI: 10.1108/QAE-02-2025-0051
ISSN: 0968-4883
1758-7662
Abstract: Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the implementation of student learning outcome (SLO) measurement within the outcome-based education (OBE) framework at the Department of Chemical Engineering, Parahyangan Catholic University as the case study. This research aims to evaluate the utility of SLO attainment data, as well as comparing the SLO attainment level via direct and indirect measurement methods. Design/methodology/approach: In this study, a mixed-method approach was used, by analysing both direct and indirect measurement of SLO attainment. Direct measurement was accomplished by accumulating scores of quizzes, tests, projects and rubric-based observations across the curriculum. Indirect measurement was derived from graduating student exit surveys with total sample of 49 students. This study has been approved by the Parahyangan Catholic University Ethics Committee. Findings: The results in this study demonstrated that SLO attainment data is a valuable tool for annual course evaluation, as data-driven interventions and improvements in subsequent years. The correction can take the form in adjusting the material, delivery or assessment method or frequency. Comparison of direct and indirect measurement revealed a reasonable agreement (four out of seven SLOs), with slight overestimation of two cognitive SLOs in the self-evaluation, and a larger discrepancy in affective SLO measurement. Originality/value: This study validated the results of direct and indirect measurement of SLOs and provided a reliable method to measure students' SLO attainment, which is important in the OBE framework. The findings of this study contribute to the ongoing discussion on effective assessment practices and SLO measurement, which is an important aspect for quality assurance and continuous improvement.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2026
Accession Number: EJ1506635
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
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  Data: Evaluating Student Learning Outcomes: A Comparative Analysis of Direct and Indirect Measurement
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hans+Kristianto%22">Hans Kristianto</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Linda+Gandajaya%22">Linda Gandajaya</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Arfin+Arfin%22">Arfin Arfin</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Susiana+Prasetyo%22">Susiana Prasetyo</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ratna+Frida+Susanti%22">Ratna Frida Susanti</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mariskha+Tri+Adithia%22">Mariskha Tri Adithia</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Quality+Assurance+in+Education%3A+An+International+Perspective%22"><i>Quality Assurance in Education: An International Perspective</i></searchLink>. 2026 34(2):175-190.
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  Data: Emerald Publishing Limited. Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley, West Yorkshire, BD16 1WA, UK. Tel: +44-1274-777700; Fax: +44-1274-785201; e-mail: emerald@emeraldinsight.com; Web site: http://www.emerald.com/insight
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  Data: 16
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  Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Research
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Higher+Education%22">Higher Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Postsecondary+Education%22">Postsecondary Education</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Student+Evaluation%22">Student Evaluation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Outcomes+of+Education%22">Outcomes of Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Models%22">Models</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Chemical+Engineering%22">Chemical Engineering</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Foreign+Countries%22">Foreign Countries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Evaluation+Methods%22">Evaluation Methods</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Measurement%22">Measurement</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Student+Educational+Objectives%22">Student Educational Objectives</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Engineering+Education%22">Engineering Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Student+Attitudes%22">Student Attitudes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22College+Students%22">College Students</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Indonesia%22">Indonesia</searchLink>
– Name: DOI
  Label: DOI
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  Data: 10.1108/QAE-02-2025-0051
– Name: ISSN
  Label: ISSN
  Group: ISSN
  Data: 0968-4883<br />1758-7662
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the implementation of student learning outcome (SLO) measurement within the outcome-based education (OBE) framework at the Department of Chemical Engineering, Parahyangan Catholic University as the case study. This research aims to evaluate the utility of SLO attainment data, as well as comparing the SLO attainment level via direct and indirect measurement methods. Design/methodology/approach: In this study, a mixed-method approach was used, by analysing both direct and indirect measurement of SLO attainment. Direct measurement was accomplished by accumulating scores of quizzes, tests, projects and rubric-based observations across the curriculum. Indirect measurement was derived from graduating student exit surveys with total sample of 49 students. This study has been approved by the Parahyangan Catholic University Ethics Committee. Findings: The results in this study demonstrated that SLO attainment data is a valuable tool for annual course evaluation, as data-driven interventions and improvements in subsequent years. The correction can take the form in adjusting the material, delivery or assessment method or frequency. Comparison of direct and indirect measurement revealed a reasonable agreement (four out of seven SLOs), with slight overestimation of two cognitive SLOs in the self-evaluation, and a larger discrepancy in affective SLO measurement. Originality/value: This study validated the results of direct and indirect measurement of SLOs and provided a reliable method to measure students' SLO attainment, which is important in the OBE framework. The findings of this study contribute to the ongoing discussion on effective assessment practices and SLO measurement, which is an important aspect for quality assurance and continuous improvement.
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  Data: 2026
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  Data: EJ1506635
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        Value: 10.1108/QAE-02-2025-0051
    Languages:
      – Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 16
        StartPage: 175
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Student Evaluation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Outcomes of Education
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Models
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Chemical Engineering
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      – SubjectFull: Foreign Countries
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      – SubjectFull: Evaluation Methods
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      – SubjectFull: Measurement
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      – SubjectFull: Student Educational Objectives
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      – SubjectFull: Engineering Education
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      – SubjectFull: Student Attitudes
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      – SubjectFull: College Students
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Indonesia
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    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Evaluating Student Learning Outcomes: A Comparative Analysis of Direct and Indirect Measurement
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