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Design and Effectiveness of the HyFlex-VR Learning Model for Emancipated Learning in Higher Education

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Title: Design and Effectiveness of the HyFlex-VR Learning Model for Emancipated Learning in Higher Education
Language: English
Authors: Ridwan Daud Mahande (ORCID 0000-0001-8427-978X), Nurul Mukhlisah Abdal, Nasir Nasir, Ulfia Rahmi (ORCID 0000-0002-5195-554X)
Source: Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education. 2026 18(3):951-972.
Availability: Emerald Publishing Limited. Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley, West Yorkshire, BD16 1WA, UK. Tel: +44-1274-777700; Fax: +44-1274-785201; e-mail: emerald@emeraldinsight.com; Web site: http://www.emerald.com/insight
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 22
Publication Date: 2026
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Tests/Questionnaires
Education Level: Higher Education
Postsecondary Education
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Higher Education, Learning Modalities, In Person Learning, Asynchronous Communication, Synchronous Communication, Electronic Learning, Computer Simulation, Simulated Environment, Material Development, Multimedia Materials, Computer Uses in Education, Educational Technology, Independent Study, Individualized Instruction
Geographic Terms: Indonesia
DOI: 10.1108/JARHE-12-2024-0713
ISSN: 2050-7003
1758-1184
Abstract: Purpose: This study aimed to design and evaluate the effectiveness of the HyFlex-VR learning model in fostering emancipated learning, which enhances creativity, critical thinking, problem-solving and self-directed learning in higher education. Design/methodology/approach: This study employed a mixed-methods approach. Data were collected through a structured online questionnaire administered to 659 students from 2 state universities and 1 private university in Indonesia. The quantitative analysis used descriptive statistics and structural equation modelling to assess the validity, reliability and relationships between constructs. A qualitative analysis was conducted through open interviews to explore students' experiences with the HyFlex-VR model. Findings: The study resulted in the design of the HyFlex-VR learning model, which integrates multimedia technology, content and pedagogy into four learning modalities: face-to-face, synchronous online, asynchronous online and virtual reality (VR). This model effectively provides students with full flexibility and control, enhances engagement, creativity and critical thinking skills and creates immersive, engaging and enjoyable learning experiences. Research limitations/implications: This study is limited to the application of the HyFlex-VR model in several departments and universities in Indonesia, with infrastructure factors and technological skills that can affect the effectiveness of the model. These findings have important implications for the development of innovative learning models in universities. Originality/value: This study offers a new perspective by integrating the four learning modalities into a single model to foster active student engagement and personalised learning experiences.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2026
Accession Number: EJ1507618
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
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  Data: Design and Effectiveness of the HyFlex-VR Learning Model for Emancipated Learning in Higher Education
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ridwan+Daud+Mahande%22">Ridwan Daud Mahande</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8427-978X">0000-0001-8427-978X</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Nurul+Mukhlisah+Abdal%22">Nurul Mukhlisah Abdal</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Nasir+Nasir%22">Nasir Nasir</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ulfia+Rahmi%22">Ulfia Rahmi</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5195-554X">0000-0002-5195-554X</externalLink>)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Journal+of+Applied+Research+in+Higher+Education%22"><i>Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education</i></searchLink>. 2026 18(3):951-972.
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  Data: Emerald Publishing Limited. Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley, West Yorkshire, BD16 1WA, UK. Tel: +44-1274-777700; Fax: +44-1274-785201; e-mail: emerald@emeraldinsight.com; Web site: http://www.emerald.com/insight
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  Data: Y
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  Data: 22
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Higher+Education%22">Higher Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Postsecondary+Education%22">Postsecondary Education</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Foreign+Countries%22">Foreign Countries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Higher+Education%22">Higher Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Learning+Modalities%22">Learning Modalities</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22In+Person+Learning%22">In Person Learning</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Asynchronous+Communication%22">Asynchronous Communication</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Synchronous+Communication%22">Synchronous Communication</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electronic+Learning%22">Electronic Learning</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Computer+Simulation%22">Computer Simulation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Simulated+Environment%22">Simulated Environment</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Material+Development%22">Material Development</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Multimedia+Materials%22">Multimedia Materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Computer+Uses+in+Education%22">Computer Uses in Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Educational+Technology%22">Educational Technology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Independent+Study%22">Independent Study</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Individualized+Instruction%22">Individualized Instruction</searchLink>
– Name: Subject
  Label: Geographic Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Indonesia%22">Indonesia</searchLink>
– Name: DOI
  Label: DOI
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  Data: 10.1108/JARHE-12-2024-0713
– Name: ISSN
  Label: ISSN
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  Data: 2050-7003<br />1758-1184
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Purpose: This study aimed to design and evaluate the effectiveness of the HyFlex-VR learning model in fostering emancipated learning, which enhances creativity, critical thinking, problem-solving and self-directed learning in higher education. Design/methodology/approach: This study employed a mixed-methods approach. Data were collected through a structured online questionnaire administered to 659 students from 2 state universities and 1 private university in Indonesia. The quantitative analysis used descriptive statistics and structural equation modelling to assess the validity, reliability and relationships between constructs. A qualitative analysis was conducted through open interviews to explore students' experiences with the HyFlex-VR model. Findings: The study resulted in the design of the HyFlex-VR learning model, which integrates multimedia technology, content and pedagogy into four learning modalities: face-to-face, synchronous online, asynchronous online and virtual reality (VR). This model effectively provides students with full flexibility and control, enhances engagement, creativity and critical thinking skills and creates immersive, engaging and enjoyable learning experiences. Research limitations/implications: This study is limited to the application of the HyFlex-VR model in several departments and universities in Indonesia, with infrastructure factors and technological skills that can affect the effectiveness of the model. These findings have important implications for the development of innovative learning models in universities. Originality/value: This study offers a new perspective by integrating the four learning modalities into a single model to foster active student engagement and personalised learning experiences.
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  Data: As Provided
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  Data: 2026
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  Label: Accession Number
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  Data: EJ1507618
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        Value: 10.1108/JARHE-12-2024-0713
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      – Text: English
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    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Foreign Countries
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      – SubjectFull: Higher Education
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Learning Modalities
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      – SubjectFull: In Person Learning
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      – SubjectFull: Indonesia
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