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Are Child and Adolescent Students More Uncivil after COVID-19?

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Title: Are Child and Adolescent Students More Uncivil after COVID-19?
Language: English
Authors: Natalie Spadafora (ORCID 0000-0001-8498-1712), Elizabeth Al-Jbouri, Anthony A. Volk
Source: School Psychology. 2025 40(6):729-742.
Availability: American Psychological Association. Journals Department, 750 First Street NE, Washington, DC 20002. Tel: 800-374-2721; Tel: 202-336-5510; Fax: 202-336-5502; e-mail: order@apa.org; Web site: http://www.apa.org
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 14
Publication Date: 2025
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Tests/Questionnaires
Education Level: Elementary Education
High Schools
Secondary Education
Descriptors: COVID-19, Pandemics, School Closing, Children, Adolescents, Interpersonal Relationship, Student Behavior, Bullying, Emotional Problems, Friendship, Teacher Attitudes, Elementary School Students, Knowledge Level, Foreign Countries, Behavior Problems, Incidence, High School Students
Geographic Terms: Canada
Assessment and Survey Identifiers: Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire
DOI: 10.1037/spq0000672
ISSN: 2578-4218
2578-4226
Abstract: The goal of the current work was to understand how the COVID-19 pandemic school shutdowns may have impacted classroom incivility in children and adolescents. Study 1 compared prepandemic (Fall 2019) to postpandemic school shutdown (Fall 2022) rates of classroom incivility in a sample of 308 adolescents (49.7% boys; 61.0% White) between the ages of 9 and 14 (M = 12.06; SD = 1.38). Classroom incivility was significantly higher postpandemic shutdowns, while bullying, emotional problems, and friendships remained stable. In Study 2, we surveyed 101 primary educators (95% females; 88.1% White). Findings suggested that young students lacked social skills and knowledge of classroom expectations, contributing to increased classroom incivility. Our results highlight the need to monitor ongoing levels of classroom incivility.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2026
Accession Number: EJ1507849
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
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  Data: Are Child and Adolescent Students More Uncivil after COVID-19?
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Natalie+Spadafora%22">Natalie Spadafora</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8498-1712">0000-0001-8498-1712</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Elizabeth+Al-Jbouri%22">Elizabeth Al-Jbouri</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Anthony+A%2E+Volk%22">Anthony A. Volk</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22School+Psychology%22"><i>School Psychology</i></searchLink>. 2025 40(6):729-742.
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  Data: American Psychological Association. Journals Department, 750 First Street NE, Washington, DC 20002. Tel: 800-374-2721; Tel: 202-336-5510; Fax: 202-336-5502; e-mail: order@apa.org; Web site: http://www.apa.org
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  Data: Y
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  Data: 14
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  Data: 2025
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  Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Research<br />Tests/Questionnaires
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Elementary+Education%22">Elementary Education</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22High+Schools%22">High Schools</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Secondary+Education%22">Secondary Education</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22COVID-19%22">COVID-19</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Pandemics%22">Pandemics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22School+Closing%22">School Closing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Children%22">Children</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Adolescents%22">Adolescents</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Interpersonal+Relationship%22">Interpersonal Relationship</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Student+Behavior%22">Student Behavior</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Bullying%22">Bullying</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Emotional+Problems%22">Emotional Problems</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Friendship%22">Friendship</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Teacher+Attitudes%22">Teacher Attitudes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Elementary+School+Students%22">Elementary School Students</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Knowledge+Level%22">Knowledge Level</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Foreign+Countries%22">Foreign Countries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Behavior+Problems%22">Behavior Problems</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Incidence%22">Incidence</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22High+School+Students%22">High School Students</searchLink>
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  Label: Geographic Terms
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Canada%22">Canada</searchLink>
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  Data: 10.1037/spq0000672
– Name: ISSN
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  Data: 2578-4218<br />2578-4226
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: The goal of the current work was to understand how the COVID-19 pandemic school shutdowns may have impacted classroom incivility in children and adolescents. Study 1 compared prepandemic (Fall 2019) to postpandemic school shutdown (Fall 2022) rates of classroom incivility in a sample of 308 adolescents (49.7% boys; 61.0% White) between the ages of 9 and 14 (M = 12.06; SD = 1.38). Classroom incivility was significantly higher postpandemic shutdowns, while bullying, emotional problems, and friendships remained stable. In Study 2, we surveyed 101 primary educators (95% females; 88.1% White). Findings suggested that young students lacked social skills and knowledge of classroom expectations, contributing to increased classroom incivility. Our results highlight the need to monitor ongoing levels of classroom incivility.
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  Data: 2026
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  Label: Accession Number
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  Data: EJ1507849
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1037/spq0000672
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      – Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
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        PageCount: 14
        StartPage: 729
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: COVID-19
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Pandemics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: School Closing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Children
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Adolescents
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Interpersonal Relationship
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Student Behavior
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      – SubjectFull: Bullying
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Emotional Problems
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Friendship
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Teacher Attitudes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Elementary School Students
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Knowledge Level
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Foreign Countries
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Behavior Problems
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Incidence
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: High School Students
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Canada
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire
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    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Are Child and Adolescent Students More Uncivil after COVID-19?
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            NameFull: Natalie Spadafora
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            NameFull: Elizabeth Al-Jbouri
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            NameFull: Anthony A. Volk
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              Type: published
              Y: 2025
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 2578-4218
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 2578-4226
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              Value: 40
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            – TitleFull: School Psychology
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