Randomization in Single-Case Design Experiments: Addressing Threats to Internal Validity
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| Title: | Randomization in Single-Case Design Experiments: Addressing Threats to Internal Validity |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Authors: | Thomas R. Kratochwill, Joel R. Levin |
| Source: | School Psychology. 2025 40(6):754-768. |
| Availability: | American Psychological Association. Journals Department, 750 First Street NE, Washington, DC 20002. Tel: 800-374-2721; Tel: 202-336-5510; Fax: 202-336-5502; e-mail: order@apa.org; Web site: http://www.apa.org |
| Peer Reviewed: | Y |
| Page Count: | 15 |
| Publication Date: | 2025 |
| Document Type: | Journal Articles Reports - Descriptive |
| Descriptors: | Research Design, Validity, Statistical Analysis, Credibility, Replication (Evaluation) |
| DOI: | 10.1037/spq0000685 |
| ISSN: | 2578-4218 2578-4226 |
| Abstract: | We review how various forms of randomization can be applied in single-case experimental design (SCED) methodology to help control various threats to internal validity. Randomization strategies that can be added to various SCEDs include phase-order randomization, between-intervention case randomization, within-intervention case randomization, and intervention start-point randomization, along with two- and three-way combinations of each. Specific examples of how these forms of randomization can be applied in numerous variations of SCEDs wherein replication is a primary internal and external validity feature (e.g., intrasubject replication or ABAB, alternating treatment, multiple baseline) to increase the scientific credibility of these methodologies are discussed. We also provide examples of the utility of randomization to control validity threats in nonconventional designs where replication is not part of the design structure. Previous recommendations to adopt randomization have assumed implicit advantages of this strategy but without specific details of how randomization serves to control validity threats. We make explicit how each form of randomization controls for internal validity concerns that traditional replication alone may not address. Additional benefits of randomization in SCED experiments include improving the status of this methodology and increasing the likelihood of researchers including SCED intervention research in their literature syntheses. In addition, design randomization allows for various randomization statistical tests to be conducted, thereby increasing data-evaluation/statistical-conclusion validity. Implications for future SCED intervention research methodology are discussed, along with recommendations targeting the need for randomization standards in SCED research. |
| Abstractor: | As Provided |
| Entry Date: | 2026 |
| Accession Number: | EJ1507851 |
| Database: | ERIC |
| FullText | Text: Availability: 0 |
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| Header | DbId: eric DbLabel: ERIC An: EJ1507851 AccessLevel: 3 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Randomization in Single-Case Design Experiments: Addressing Threats to Internal Validity – Name: Language Label: Language Group: Lang Data: English – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Thomas+R%2E+Kratochwill%22">Thomas R. Kratochwill</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Joel+R%2E+Levin%22">Joel R. Levin</searchLink> – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22School+Psychology%22"><i>School Psychology</i></searchLink>. 2025 40(6):754-768. – Name: Avail Label: Availability Group: Avail Data: American Psychological Association. Journals Department, 750 First Street NE, Washington, DC 20002. Tel: 800-374-2721; Tel: 202-336-5510; Fax: 202-336-5502; e-mail: order@apa.org; Web site: http://www.apa.org – Name: PeerReviewed Label: Peer Reviewed Group: SrcInfo Data: Y – Name: Pages Label: Page Count Group: Src Data: 15 – Name: DatePubCY Label: Publication Date Group: Date Data: 2025 – Name: TypeDocument Label: Document Type Group: TypDoc Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Descriptive – Name: Subject Label: Descriptors Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Research+Design%22">Research Design</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Validity%22">Validity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Statistical+Analysis%22">Statistical Analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Credibility%22">Credibility</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Replication+%28Evaluation%29%22">Replication (Evaluation)</searchLink> – Name: DOI Label: DOI Group: ID Data: 10.1037/spq0000685 – Name: ISSN Label: ISSN Group: ISSN Data: 2578-4218<br />2578-4226 – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: We review how various forms of randomization can be applied in single-case experimental design (SCED) methodology to help control various threats to internal validity. Randomization strategies that can be added to various SCEDs include phase-order randomization, between-intervention case randomization, within-intervention case randomization, and intervention start-point randomization, along with two- and three-way combinations of each. Specific examples of how these forms of randomization can be applied in numerous variations of SCEDs wherein replication is a primary internal and external validity feature (e.g., intrasubject replication or ABAB, alternating treatment, multiple baseline) to increase the scientific credibility of these methodologies are discussed. We also provide examples of the utility of randomization to control validity threats in nonconventional designs where replication is not part of the design structure. Previous recommendations to adopt randomization have assumed implicit advantages of this strategy but without specific details of how randomization serves to control validity threats. We make explicit how each form of randomization controls for internal validity concerns that traditional replication alone may not address. Additional benefits of randomization in SCED experiments include improving the status of this methodology and increasing the likelihood of researchers including SCED intervention research in their literature syntheses. In addition, design randomization allows for various randomization statistical tests to be conducted, thereby increasing data-evaluation/statistical-conclusion validity. Implications for future SCED intervention research methodology are discussed, along with recommendations targeting the need for randomization standards in SCED research. – Name: AbstractInfo Label: Abstractor Group: Ab Data: As Provided – Name: DateEntry Label: Entry Date Group: Date Data: 2026 – Name: AN Label: Accession Number Group: ID Data: EJ1507851 |
| PLink | https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=eric&AN=EJ1507851 |
| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1037/spq0000685 Languages: – Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 15 StartPage: 754 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Research Design Type: general – SubjectFull: Validity Type: general – SubjectFull: Statistical Analysis Type: general – SubjectFull: Credibility Type: general – SubjectFull: Replication (Evaluation) Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Randomization in Single-Case Design Experiments: Addressing Threats to Internal Validity Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Thomas R. Kratochwill – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Joel R. Levin IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 11 Type: published Y: 2025 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 2578-4218 – Type: issn-electronic Value: 2578-4226 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 40 – Type: issue Value: 6 Titles: – TitleFull: School Psychology Type: main |
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