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Sibship Size and Academic Achievement in the PISA 2022 Survey

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Title: Sibship Size and Academic Achievement in the PISA 2022 Survey
Language: English
Authors: Qingke Guo (ORCID 0000-0002-2917-6566), Jing Liao (ORCID 0009-0009-4015-4809), Bo Yang (ORCID 0009-0008-4454-3759)
Source: Journal of Adolescence. 2026 98(4):1185-1195.
Availability: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 11
Publication Date: 2026
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Education Level: Secondary Education
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, International Assessment, Achievement Tests, Secondary School Students, Siblings, Sibling Relationship, Academic Achievement, Cognitive Development, Cognitive Ability, Cultural Context, Family Income, Economic Factors, Individualism, Family Size
Assessment and Survey Identifiers: Program for International Student Assessment
DOI: 10.1002/jad.70130
ISSN: 0140-1971
1095-9254
Abstract: Introduction: The influence of siblinghood on psychosocial development has long been a topic of focus in developmental psychology. Prior research, however, has yielded conflicting conclusions: some studies argue that siblinghood dilutes family resources, thereby impeding individuals' academic success, while others hold that competition and cooperation among siblings can effectively boost the development of socio-cognitive abilities. Drawing on the conditional resource dilution model and ecological systems theory, this study globally examines the role of siblinghood and the moderating effects of family wealth, national economic conditions, and cultural contexts. Methods: Data from PISA 2022 included 570,937 15-year-old adolescents (M[subscript age] = 15.79, SD[subscript age] = 0.29) from 77 countries. Analyses examined the relationship between sibship size and academic achievement, and the moderating effects of family wealth (student-level), GDP, and cultural individualism (national-level). Results: Adolescents with one sibling outperformed only-children and those with two or more siblings. Family wealth amplified the positive effect of having one sibling and buffered the negative effect of having two or more siblings. Multilevel modeling revealed that GDP positively moderated the interaction between sibship size and family wealth. Similarly, individualism positively moderated this effect in families with two or more children. Conclusions: This study reveals a nonlinear relationship between sibship size and academic achievement. In two-child households, siblings may not significantly dilute resources but function as resources that facilitate academic development. The dilution effect increases significantly when sibship size exceeds two. Family wealth moderates these effects, which are further amplified by national wealth and individualism.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2026
Accession Number: EJ1507881
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
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  Data: Sibship Size and Academic Achievement in the PISA 2022 Survey
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  Data: English
– Name: Author
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Qingke+Guo%22">Qingke Guo</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2917-6566">0000-0002-2917-6566</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jing+Liao%22">Jing Liao</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4015-4809">0009-0009-4015-4809</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bo+Yang%22">Bo Yang</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4454-3759">0009-0008-4454-3759</externalLink>)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Journal+of+Adolescence%22"><i>Journal of Adolescence</i></searchLink>. 2026 98(4):1185-1195.
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  Data: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
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  Data: Y
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  Data: 11
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  Data: 2026
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  Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Research
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Secondary+Education%22">Secondary Education</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Foreign+Countries%22">Foreign Countries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22International+Assessment%22">International Assessment</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Achievement+Tests%22">Achievement Tests</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Secondary+School+Students%22">Secondary School Students</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Siblings%22">Siblings</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sibling+Relationship%22">Sibling Relationship</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Academic+Achievement%22">Academic Achievement</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cognitive+Development%22">Cognitive Development</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cognitive+Ability%22">Cognitive Ability</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cultural+Context%22">Cultural Context</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Family+Income%22">Family Income</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Economic+Factors%22">Economic Factors</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Individualism%22">Individualism</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Family+Size%22">Family Size</searchLink>
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  Label: Assessment and Survey Identifiers
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SU" term="%22Program+for+International+Student+Assessment%22">Program for International Student Assessment</searchLink>
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  Data: 10.1002/jad.70130
– Name: ISSN
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  Data: 0140-1971<br />1095-9254
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Introduction: The influence of siblinghood on psychosocial development has long been a topic of focus in developmental psychology. Prior research, however, has yielded conflicting conclusions: some studies argue that siblinghood dilutes family resources, thereby impeding individuals' academic success, while others hold that competition and cooperation among siblings can effectively boost the development of socio-cognitive abilities. Drawing on the conditional resource dilution model and ecological systems theory, this study globally examines the role of siblinghood and the moderating effects of family wealth, national economic conditions, and cultural contexts. Methods: Data from PISA 2022 included 570,937 15-year-old adolescents (M[subscript age] = 15.79, SD[subscript age] = 0.29) from 77 countries. Analyses examined the relationship between sibship size and academic achievement, and the moderating effects of family wealth (student-level), GDP, and cultural individualism (national-level). Results: Adolescents with one sibling outperformed only-children and those with two or more siblings. Family wealth amplified the positive effect of having one sibling and buffered the negative effect of having two or more siblings. Multilevel modeling revealed that GDP positively moderated the interaction between sibship size and family wealth. Similarly, individualism positively moderated this effect in families with two or more children. Conclusions: This study reveals a nonlinear relationship between sibship size and academic achievement. In two-child households, siblings may not significantly dilute resources but function as resources that facilitate academic development. The dilution effect increases significantly when sibship size exceeds two. Family wealth moderates these effects, which are further amplified by national wealth and individualism.
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  Data: As Provided
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  Data: 2026
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  Data: EJ1507881
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        Value: 10.1002/jad.70130
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      – Text: English
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        PageCount: 11
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      – SubjectFull: Foreign Countries
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: International Assessment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Achievement Tests
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      – SubjectFull: Secondary School Students
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      – SubjectFull: Siblings
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      – SubjectFull: Academic Achievement
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      – SubjectFull: Cultural Context
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      – SubjectFull: Family Size
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      – SubjectFull: Program for International Student Assessment
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      – TitleFull: Sibship Size and Academic Achievement in the PISA 2022 Survey
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            – TitleFull: Journal of Adolescence
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