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Influence of Teacher and Student Characteristics on Teacher Ratings of Students' Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Functioning: A Scoping Review

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Title: Influence of Teacher and Student Characteristics on Teacher Ratings of Students' Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Functioning: A Scoping Review
Language: English
Authors: Amy M. Briesch (ORCID 0000-0002-8281-1039), Scarlett S. Xiong, David Gertz (ORCID 0009-0000-6636-186X), Jessica B. Koslouski (ORCID 0000-0002-7728-2515), Jacqueline M. Caemmerer, Brittany Melo, Sandra M. Chafouleas
Source: Psychology in the Schools. 2026 63(7):1117-1131.
Availability: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 15
Publication Date: 2026
Sponsoring Agency: Institute of Education Sciences (ED)
Contract Number: R305A220249
Document Type: Journal Articles
Information Analyses
Reports - Research
Descriptors: Teacher Characteristics, Student Characteristics, Student Evaluation, Student Development, Social Development, Emotional Development, Interpersonal Competence, Behavior Rating Scales, Teacher Attitudes, Race, Ethnicity, Sex, Socioeconomic Status, Disabilities, Language Proficiency, Student Behavior, Behavior Problems, Attention, Hyperactivity
DOI: 10.1002/pits.70154
ISSN: 0033-3085
1520-6807
Abstract: Although behavior rating scales are frequently used in the school-based assessment of student behavior, concerns have been noted regarding the subjectivity of teacher ratings. Individual studies have documented systematic differences in teachers' assessments of groups of students; however, the extent to which findings have been consistently identified across studies was unknown. Through the current scoping review, we sought to better understand the extent to which particular student and teacher characteristics have been shown to contribute to systematic differences in teachers' ratings of students' SEB functioning across different domains. We searched multiple online databases to identify any studies that had examined associations between student or teacher characteristics and systematic differences in ratings of student SEB functioning. Across the 19 studies meeting inclusion criteria, the influence of student characteristics (i.e., race/ethnicity, gender) were more frequently studied than were teacher characteristics and externalizing behaviors were more frequently studied than internalizing or social behaviors. Whereas studies consistently found that teachers rated Black students as demonstrating a greater degree of externalizing behaviors, other findings were often mixed or nonsignificant. Given inconsistent findings across studies, additional research is warranted to draw definitive conclusions about systematic rating differences as a function of most student and teacher characteristics.
Abstractor: As Provided
IES Funded: Yes
Entry Date: 2026
Accession Number: EJ1508043
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
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  Data: Influence of Teacher and Student Characteristics on Teacher Ratings of Students' Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Functioning: A Scoping Review
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Amy+M%2E+Briesch%22">Amy M. Briesch</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8281-1039">0000-0002-8281-1039</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Scarlett+S%2E+Xiong%22">Scarlett S. Xiong</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22David+Gertz%22">David Gertz</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6636-186X">0009-0000-6636-186X</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jessica+B%2E+Koslouski%22">Jessica B. Koslouski</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7728-2515">0000-0002-7728-2515</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jacqueline+M%2E+Caemmerer%22">Jacqueline M. Caemmerer</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Brittany+Melo%22">Brittany Melo</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sandra+M%2E+Chafouleas%22">Sandra M. Chafouleas</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Psychology+in+the+Schools%22"><i>Psychology in the Schools</i></searchLink>. 2026 63(7):1117-1131.
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  Data: Wiley. Available from: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Tel: 800-835-6770; e-mail: cs-journals@wiley.com; Web site: https://www.wiley.com/en-us
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  Data: 15
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  Data: 2026
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  Data: Institute of Education Sciences (ED)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Teacher+Characteristics%22">Teacher Characteristics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Student+Characteristics%22">Student Characteristics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Student+Evaluation%22">Student Evaluation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Student+Development%22">Student Development</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Social+Development%22">Social Development</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Emotional+Development%22">Emotional Development</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Interpersonal+Competence%22">Interpersonal Competence</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Behavior+Rating+Scales%22">Behavior Rating Scales</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Teacher+Attitudes%22">Teacher Attitudes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Race%22">Race</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ethnicity%22">Ethnicity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sex%22">Sex</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Socioeconomic+Status%22">Socioeconomic Status</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Disabilities%22">Disabilities</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Language+Proficiency%22">Language Proficiency</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Student+Behavior%22">Student Behavior</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Behavior+Problems%22">Behavior Problems</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Attention%22">Attention</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hyperactivity%22">Hyperactivity</searchLink>
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  Data: 10.1002/pits.70154
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  Data: 0033-3085<br />1520-6807
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  Data: Although behavior rating scales are frequently used in the school-based assessment of student behavior, concerns have been noted regarding the subjectivity of teacher ratings. Individual studies have documented systematic differences in teachers' assessments of groups of students; however, the extent to which findings have been consistently identified across studies was unknown. Through the current scoping review, we sought to better understand the extent to which particular student and teacher characteristics have been shown to contribute to systematic differences in teachers' ratings of students' SEB functioning across different domains. We searched multiple online databases to identify any studies that had examined associations between student or teacher characteristics and systematic differences in ratings of student SEB functioning. Across the 19 studies meeting inclusion criteria, the influence of student characteristics (i.e., race/ethnicity, gender) were more frequently studied than were teacher characteristics and externalizing behaviors were more frequently studied than internalizing or social behaviors. Whereas studies consistently found that teachers rated Black students as demonstrating a greater degree of externalizing behaviors, other findings were often mixed or nonsignificant. Given inconsistent findings across studies, additional research is warranted to draw definitive conclusions about systematic rating differences as a function of most student and teacher characteristics.
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      – SubjectFull: Student Characteristics
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      – SubjectFull: Student Evaluation
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