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The Innovative-Adaptive Model of the TTCT Figural Is Invariant across Ethnicity but Not Gender

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Title: The Innovative-Adaptive Model of the TTCT Figural Is Invariant across Ethnicity but Not Gender
Language: English
Authors: Yoojoong Kim (ORCID 0009-0004-6898-6352), Denis Dumas, Selcuk Acar (ORCID 0000-0003-4044-985X), Peter Organisciak (ORCID 0000-0002-9058-2280)
Source: Gifted Child Quarterly. 2026 70(3):388-405.
Availability: SAGE Publications. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. Tel: 800-818-7243; Tel: 805-499-9774; Fax: 800-583-2665; e-mail: journals@sagepub.com; Web site: https://sagepub.com
Peer Reviewed: N
Page Count: 18
Publication Date: 2026
Sponsoring Agency: Institute of Education Sciences (ED)
Contract Number: R305A200199
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Education Level: Elementary Education
Descriptors: Creative Thinking, Creativity Tests, Identification, Academically Gifted, Culture Fair Tests, Factor Structure, Factor Analysis, Ethnicity, Racial Differences, Gender Differences, Goodness of Fit, Disproportionate Representation, Elementary School Students
Geographic Terms: Texas
Assessment and Survey Identifiers: Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking
DOI: 10.1177/00169862251388487
ISSN: 0016-9862
1934-9041
Abstract: The Torrance Test of Creative Thinking-Figural (TTCT-F) is the most extensively used creativity measure in U.S. schools, especially for gifted identification. TTCT-F has been thought to be culturally fair across ethnicities and genders, although this belief has rarely been empirically tested. Our study examined the latent structure of the TTCT-F scales: Fluency, Originality, Elaboration, Abstractness of Titles (AT), and Resistance to Premature Closure (RPC), and then investigated measurement invariance across overrepresented and underrepresented ethnicities and across genders. Using data obtained from 379 U.S. elementary school students, we identified that the Innovative-Adaptive model, with an additional cross-loading for the RPC scale, was the best fit. We also found that this two-factor model was invariant across underrepresented and overrepresented ethnicities at configural, metric, and scalar levels. In contrast, even configural invariance did not hold across both boys and girls, suggesting that additional research is needed to understand creative thinking across gender.
Abstractor: As Provided
IES Funded: Yes
Entry Date: 2026
Accession Number: EJ1508376
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
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  Data: The Innovative-Adaptive Model of the TTCT Figural Is Invariant across Ethnicity but Not Gender
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yoojoong+Kim%22">Yoojoong Kim</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6898-6352">0009-0004-6898-6352</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Denis+Dumas%22">Denis Dumas</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Selcuk+Acar%22">Selcuk Acar</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4044-985X">0000-0003-4044-985X</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Peter+Organisciak%22">Peter Organisciak</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9058-2280">0000-0002-9058-2280</externalLink>)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Gifted+Child+Quarterly%22"><i>Gifted Child Quarterly</i></searchLink>. 2026 70(3):388-405.
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  Data: SAGE Publications. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. Tel: 800-818-7243; Tel: 805-499-9774; Fax: 800-583-2665; e-mail: journals@sagepub.com; Web site: https://sagepub.com
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  Data: N
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  Data: 18
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  Label: Publication Date
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  Data: 2026
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  Data: Institute of Education Sciences (ED)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="EL" term="%22Elementary+Education%22">Elementary Education</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Creative+Thinking%22">Creative Thinking</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Creativity+Tests%22">Creativity Tests</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Identification%22">Identification</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Academically+Gifted%22">Academically Gifted</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Culture+Fair+Tests%22">Culture Fair Tests</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Factor+Structure%22">Factor Structure</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Factor+Analysis%22">Factor Analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ethnicity%22">Ethnicity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Racial+Differences%22">Racial Differences</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Gender+Differences%22">Gender Differences</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Goodness+of+Fit%22">Goodness of Fit</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Disproportionate+Representation%22">Disproportionate Representation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Elementary+School+Students%22">Elementary School Students</searchLink>
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  Label: Geographic Terms
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Texas%22">Texas</searchLink>
– Name: SubjectThesaurus
  Label: Assessment and Survey Identifiers
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SU" term="%22Torrance+Tests+of+Creative+Thinking%22">Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking</searchLink>
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  Data: 10.1177/00169862251388487
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  Data: 0016-9862<br />1934-9041
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: The Torrance Test of Creative Thinking-Figural (TTCT-F) is the most extensively used creativity measure in U.S. schools, especially for gifted identification. TTCT-F has been thought to be culturally fair across ethnicities and genders, although this belief has rarely been empirically tested. Our study examined the latent structure of the TTCT-F scales: Fluency, Originality, Elaboration, Abstractness of Titles (AT), and Resistance to Premature Closure (RPC), and then investigated measurement invariance across overrepresented and underrepresented ethnicities and across genders. Using data obtained from 379 U.S. elementary school students, we identified that the Innovative-Adaptive model, with an additional cross-loading for the RPC scale, was the best fit. We also found that this two-factor model was invariant across underrepresented and overrepresented ethnicities at configural, metric, and scalar levels. In contrast, even configural invariance did not hold across both boys and girls, suggesting that additional research is needed to understand creative thinking across gender.
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  Label: Abstractor
  Group: Ab
  Data: As Provided
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  Label: IES Funded
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  Data: 2026
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  Label: Accession Number
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  Data: EJ1508376
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        Value: 10.1177/00169862251388487
    Languages:
      – Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 18
        StartPage: 388
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      – SubjectFull: Creative Thinking
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Creativity Tests
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      – SubjectFull: Identification
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      – SubjectFull: Academically Gifted
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      – SubjectFull: Culture Fair Tests
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      – SubjectFull: Factor Structure
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      – SubjectFull: Ethnicity
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      – SubjectFull: Racial Differences
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      – SubjectFull: Gender Differences
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      – SubjectFull: Texas
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      – TitleFull: The Innovative-Adaptive Model of the TTCT Figural Is Invariant across Ethnicity but Not Gender
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