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Cooperative and Competitive Dyad Learning Environments Influence Psychosocial, but Not Motor, Outcomes in a Relative-Timing Task

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Title: Cooperative and Competitive Dyad Learning Environments Influence Psychosocial, but Not Motor, Outcomes in a Relative-Timing Task
Language: English
Authors: Molly Brillinger (ORCID 0000-0001-6000-5557), April Karlinsky, Nicola J. Hodges (ORCID 0000-0003-3899-8550), Luc Tremblay, Matthew W. Scott, Damian M. Manzone, Katherine A. Tamminen, Timothy N. Welsh
Source: Journal of Motor Learning and Development. 2026 14(1).
Availability: Human Kinetics, Inc. 1607 North Market Street, Champaign, IL 61820. Tel: 800-474-4457; Fax: 217-351-1549; e-mail: info@hkusa.com; Web site: https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/jmld/jmld-overview.xml
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 15
Publication Date: 2026
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Descriptors: Psychomotor Skills, Cooperative Learning, Program Effectiveness, Learning, Competition, Drills (Practice), Affective Behavior, Motivation, Self Efficacy, Psychological Patterns, Retention (Psychology), Error Patterns, Time, Young Adults
Assessment and Survey Identifiers: Positive and Negative Affect Schedule
DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2025-0026
ISSN: 2325-3193
2325-3215
Abstract: Research investigating the behavioral and psychosocial outcomes of individuals practicing motor skills in pairs (dyad practice) has generated mixed evidence regarding its effectiveness when compared with individuals practicing alone. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the motor performance, learning, and psychosocial outcomes associated with competitive or cooperative dyad practice contexts versus practicing alone. Participants practiced a relative-timing keypress sequence task alone, or in competitive or cooperative dyads. Relative timing errors for each movement component in the sequence were measured across the 40 practice trials and in a 24-hr retention test. Psychosocial measures of positive and negative affect, motivation, and efficacy were also collected. There were no group differences in timing errors during practice or retention, although partners in the cooperative group were more alike (correlated) in performance compared with partners in the competitive group. The cooperative group also reported higher levels of interest/enjoyment and commitment to continue practicing compared with the competitive group, but these outcomes were not different from the alone group. Overall, although there were indications that cooperative dyad practice led to greater task engagement and task "sharing" than competitive dyad practice, these effects did not impact the acquisition and retention of the motor skill.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2026
Accession Number: EJ1508587
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
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  Data: Cooperative and Competitive Dyad Learning Environments Influence Psychosocial, but Not Motor, Outcomes in a Relative-Timing Task
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Molly+Brillinger%22">Molly Brillinger</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6000-5557">0000-0001-6000-5557</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22April+Karlinsky%22">April Karlinsky</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Nicola+J%2E+Hodges%22">Nicola J. Hodges</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3899-8550">0000-0003-3899-8550</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Luc+Tremblay%22">Luc Tremblay</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Matthew+W%2E+Scott%22">Matthew W. Scott</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Damian+M%2E+Manzone%22">Damian M. Manzone</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Katherine+A%2E+Tamminen%22">Katherine A. Tamminen</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Timothy+N%2E+Welsh%22">Timothy N. Welsh</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Journal+of+Motor+Learning+and+Development%22"><i>Journal of Motor Learning and Development</i></searchLink>. 2026 14(1).
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  Data: Human Kinetics, Inc. 1607 North Market Street, Champaign, IL 61820. Tel: 800-474-4457; Fax: 217-351-1549; e-mail: info@hkusa.com; Web site: https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/jmld/jmld-overview.xml
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  Data: 10.1123/jmld.2025-0026
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  Data: Research investigating the behavioral and psychosocial outcomes of individuals practicing motor skills in pairs (dyad practice) has generated mixed evidence regarding its effectiveness when compared with individuals practicing alone. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the motor performance, learning, and psychosocial outcomes associated with competitive or cooperative dyad practice contexts versus practicing alone. Participants practiced a relative-timing keypress sequence task alone, or in competitive or cooperative dyads. Relative timing errors for each movement component in the sequence were measured across the 40 practice trials and in a 24-hr retention test. Psychosocial measures of positive and negative affect, motivation, and efficacy were also collected. There were no group differences in timing errors during practice or retention, although partners in the cooperative group were more alike (correlated) in performance compared with partners in the competitive group. The cooperative group also reported higher levels of interest/enjoyment and commitment to continue practicing compared with the competitive group, but these outcomes were not different from the alone group. Overall, although there were indications that cooperative dyad practice led to greater task engagement and task "sharing" than competitive dyad practice, these effects did not impact the acquisition and retention of the motor skill.
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        Value: 10.1123/jmld.2025-0026
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      – Text: English
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        PageCount: 15
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      – SubjectFull: Psychomotor Skills
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      – SubjectFull: Cooperative Learning
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      – SubjectFull: Program Effectiveness
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      – SubjectFull: Competition
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