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Tracking the Dynamic Word-by-Word Incremental Reading through Multimeasures

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Title: Tracking the Dynamic Word-by-Word Incremental Reading through Multimeasures
Language: English
Authors: Lin Chen (ORCID 0000-0003-3225-9415), Gaisha Oralova, Shannon Clark, Daniela Teodorescu, Alona Fyshe, Carrie Demmans Epp, Maxwell Helfrich, Charles Perfetti
Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 2025 51(8):1324-1346.
Availability: American Psychological Association. Journals Department, 750 First Street NE, Washington, DC 20002. Tel: 800-374-2721; Tel: 202-336-5510; Fax: 202-336-5502; e-mail: order@apa.org; Web site: http://www.apa.org
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 23
Publication Date: 2025
Sponsoring Agency: National Science Foundation (NSF), Division of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences (BCS)
Contract Number: 2118195
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Descriptors: Reading, Word Recognition, English, Native Language
Geographic Terms: Pennsylvania (Pittsburgh)
DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001438
ISSN: 0278-7393
1939-1285
Abstract: Reading relies on the incremental processes that occur across all words in a passage to build a global comprehension of the text. Factorial experimental designs are not well-suited to examine these incremental processes, which are influenced by multilevel factors in an overlapping manner. Exemplifying an alternative approach, we combined event-related potentials, probabilistic language models, authentic texts, and statistical methods to examine the time course of multilevel linguistic influences on the incremental processes which occur during reading each word. We found that indicators of the initial stages of word identification (N170 and P200) are sensitive to context-independent statistical information of a word, for example, word frequency. The later stages of word processing, involving processes related to meaning retrieval and integration (N400), heavily rely on the word's context-dependent information measured by word surprisal. Syntactic processing, reflected by a word's syntactic surprisal and the number of phrase structures it closes, was presented across multiple phases (an early negativity, N400, and a late positivity). Additionally, the effects of position factors at both the word and sentence levels emerged across multiple time windows (including N170, P200, and N400), suggesting their distinct influence beyond linguistic factors. These findings provide a theoretically coherent picture of incremental reading, partly convergent with conclusions from factorial studies but with novel results concerning the time courses and interactions of processing components.
Abstractor: As Provided
Notes: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/EXKAN
Entry Date: 2026
Accession Number: EJ1508694
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
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PubType: Academic Journal
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  Data: Tracking the Dynamic Word-by-Word Incremental Reading through Multimeasures
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  Data: English
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lin+Chen%22">Lin Chen</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3225-9415">0000-0003-3225-9415</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gaisha+Oralova%22">Gaisha Oralova</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Shannon+Clark%22">Shannon Clark</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Daniela+Teodorescu%22">Daniela Teodorescu</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Alona+Fyshe%22">Alona Fyshe</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Carrie+Demmans+Epp%22">Carrie Demmans Epp</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Maxwell+Helfrich%22">Maxwell Helfrich</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Charles+Perfetti%22">Charles Perfetti</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Journal+of+Experimental+Psychology%3A+Learning%2C+Memory%2C+and+Cognition%22"><i>Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition</i></searchLink>. 2025 51(8):1324-1346.
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  Data: American Psychological Association. Journals Department, 750 First Street NE, Washington, DC 20002. Tel: 800-374-2721; Tel: 202-336-5510; Fax: 202-336-5502; e-mail: order@apa.org; Web site: http://www.apa.org
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  Data: National Science Foundation (NSF), Division of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences (BCS)
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  Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Research
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Reading%22">Reading</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Word+Recognition%22">Word Recognition</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22English%22">English</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Native+Language%22">Native Language</searchLink>
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  Data: 10.1037/xlm0001438
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  Data: 0278-7393<br />1939-1285
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  Data: Reading relies on the incremental processes that occur across all words in a passage to build a global comprehension of the text. Factorial experimental designs are not well-suited to examine these incremental processes, which are influenced by multilevel factors in an overlapping manner. Exemplifying an alternative approach, we combined event-related potentials, probabilistic language models, authentic texts, and statistical methods to examine the time course of multilevel linguistic influences on the incremental processes which occur during reading each word. We found that indicators of the initial stages of word identification (N170 and P200) are sensitive to context-independent statistical information of a word, for example, word frequency. The later stages of word processing, involving processes related to meaning retrieval and integration (N400), heavily rely on the word's context-dependent information measured by word surprisal. Syntactic processing, reflected by a word's syntactic surprisal and the number of phrase structures it closes, was presented across multiple phases (an early negativity, N400, and a late positivity). Additionally, the effects of position factors at both the word and sentence levels emerged across multiple time windows (including N170, P200, and N400), suggesting their distinct influence beyond linguistic factors. These findings provide a theoretically coherent picture of incremental reading, partly convergent with conclusions from factorial studies but with novel results concerning the time courses and interactions of processing components.
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  Data: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/EXKAN
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  Data: 2026
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  Data: EJ1508694
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=eric&AN=EJ1508694
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