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The Relationship between Language Experience Variables and the Time Course of Spoken Word Recognition

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Title: The Relationship between Language Experience Variables and the Time Course of Spoken Word Recognition
Language: English
Authors: Margarethe McDonald (ORCID 0000-0002-9620-8556), Tania S. Zamuner (ORCID 0000-0002-6576-1818)
Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 2025 51(8):1303-1323.
Availability: American Psychological Association. Journals Department, 750 First Street NE, Washington, DC 20002. Tel: 800-374-2721; Tel: 202-336-5510; Fax: 202-336-5502; e-mail: order@apa.org; Web site: http://www.apa.org
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 21
Publication Date: 2025
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Descriptors: Word Recognition, Oral Language, Linguistic Input, French, Semantics, Phonetics, Young Adults, Foreign Countries, Eye Movements, Language Fluency, Language Proficiency
Geographic Terms: Canada (Ottawa)
DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001433
ISSN: 0278-7393
1939-1285
Abstract: During spoken word recognition, words that are related phonologically (e.g., dog and dot) and words that are related semantically (e.g., dog and bear) are known to become active within the first second of word recognition. The time course of activation and resolution of these competing words changes as a function of linguistic knowledge. This preregistered study aimed to examine how a less commonly used linguistic predictor, percent lifetime language exposure, affects the time course of target and competitor activation in an eye-tracking visual world paradigm. Lifetime exposure was expected to capture variability in the representations and processes that contribute to individual differences in spoken word recognition. Results show that when putting lifetime exposure to French on a scale, more lifetime exposure was related to target fixations and slightly related to early phonological coactivation, but not related to semantic coactivation. These analyses demonstrate how generalized additive mixed models might help examine time course data with more continuous linguistic variables. Exploratory analyses looked at the amount of variance captured by three linguistic experience predictors (lifetime French exposure, recent French exposure, French vocabulary) on indices of target, phonological, and semantic fixations and identified vocabulary size as most frequently explaining significant variance, but the pattern of results did not differ from those of lifetime language exposure. These findings suggest that lifetime language exposure may not fully capture subtle differences in linguistic experience that affect lexical coactivation such as those brought upon by differences in exposure trajectories across the lifetime or differences in the setting of language exposure.
Abstractor: As Provided
Notes: https://osf.io/sj4ge
Entry Date: 2026
Accession Number: EJ1508757
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
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  Data: The Relationship between Language Experience Variables and the Time Course of Spoken Word Recognition
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Margarethe+McDonald%22">Margarethe McDonald</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9620-8556">0000-0002-9620-8556</externalLink>)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tania+S%2E+Zamuner%22">Tania S. Zamuner</searchLink> (ORCID <externalLink term="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6576-1818">0000-0002-6576-1818</externalLink>)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Journal+of+Experimental+Psychology%3A+Learning%2C+Memory%2C+and+Cognition%22"><i>Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition</i></searchLink>. 2025 51(8):1303-1323.
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  Data: American Psychological Association. Journals Department, 750 First Street NE, Washington, DC 20002. Tel: 800-374-2721; Tel: 202-336-5510; Fax: 202-336-5502; e-mail: order@apa.org; Web site: http://www.apa.org
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  Data: 21
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  Data: Journal Articles<br />Reports - Research
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Word+Recognition%22">Word Recognition</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Oral+Language%22">Oral Language</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Linguistic+Input%22">Linguistic Input</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22French%22">French</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Semantics%22">Semantics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Phonetics%22">Phonetics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Young+Adults%22">Young Adults</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Foreign+Countries%22">Foreign Countries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Eye+Movements%22">Eye Movements</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Language+Fluency%22">Language Fluency</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Language+Proficiency%22">Language Proficiency</searchLink>
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  Data: 10.1037/xlm0001433
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  Data: 0278-7393<br />1939-1285
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: During spoken word recognition, words that are related phonologically (e.g., dog and dot) and words that are related semantically (e.g., dog and bear) are known to become active within the first second of word recognition. The time course of activation and resolution of these competing words changes as a function of linguistic knowledge. This preregistered study aimed to examine how a less commonly used linguistic predictor, percent lifetime language exposure, affects the time course of target and competitor activation in an eye-tracking visual world paradigm. Lifetime exposure was expected to capture variability in the representations and processes that contribute to individual differences in spoken word recognition. Results show that when putting lifetime exposure to French on a scale, more lifetime exposure was related to target fixations and slightly related to early phonological coactivation, but not related to semantic coactivation. These analyses demonstrate how generalized additive mixed models might help examine time course data with more continuous linguistic variables. Exploratory analyses looked at the amount of variance captured by three linguistic experience predictors (lifetime French exposure, recent French exposure, French vocabulary) on indices of target, phonological, and semantic fixations and identified vocabulary size as most frequently explaining significant variance, but the pattern of results did not differ from those of lifetime language exposure. These findings suggest that lifetime language exposure may not fully capture subtle differences in linguistic experience that affect lexical coactivation such as those brought upon by differences in exposure trajectories across the lifetime or differences in the setting of language exposure.
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  Data: 2026
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        Value: 10.1037/xlm0001433
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      – Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Word Recognition
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      – SubjectFull: Linguistic Input
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      – SubjectFull: French
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      – SubjectFull: Semantics
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      – SubjectFull: Language Fluency
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