Examining the Association between the Computer-Aided Scoring and Manual Scoring for the Beery Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration (Beery VMI) and Children's Handwriting Skills: A Convergent Validity Study
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| Title: | Examining the Association between the Computer-Aided Scoring and Manual Scoring for the Beery Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration (Beery VMI) and Children's Handwriting Skills: A Convergent Validity Study |
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| Language: | English |
| Authors: | Anna Lamb, Mong-Lin Yu, Hao-Ling Chen, Tien-Ni Wang, Ted Brown |
| Source: | Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools & Early Intervention. 2025 18(1):25-44. |
| Availability: | Taylor & Francis. Available from: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 530 Walnut Street Suite 850, Philadelphia, PA 19106. Tel: 800-354-1420; Tel: 215-625-8900; Fax: 215-207-0050; Web site: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals |
| Peer Reviewed: | Y |
| Page Count: | 20 |
| Publication Date: | 2025 |
| Document Type: | Journal Articles Reports - Research |
| Descriptors: | Perceptual Motor Coordination, Visual Perception, Computer Assisted Instruction, Handwriting, Foreign Countries, Children, Writing Evaluation, Scores, Psychomotor Skills, Writing Skills, English, Prediction |
| Geographic Terms: | Australia |
| Assessment and Survey Identifiers: | Beery Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration |
| DOI: | 10.1080/19411243.2023.2275569 |
| ISSN: | 1941-1243 1941-1251 |
| Abstract: | Introduction: Visual motor integration (VMI) is an important underlying mechanism for children's handwriting. The Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (Beery VMI) is commonly used to assess children's VMI skills, using a manual scoring method which can be prone to individual subjectivity and impact its sensitivity. This study investigated the use of the Computer-Aided Scoring System for scoring the Berry VMI (CASS-Beery VMI) to assess school-aged children's VMI and handwriting skills. Specifically, the convergent validity between the CASS-Beery VMI and three standardized handwriting assessments was investigated. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional design was used. Thirty-five neurotypical Australian students aged 6-9 years completed the Beery-VMI--6th edition, Minnesota Handwriting Assessment (MHA), Evaluation Tool of Children's Handwriting -- Manuscript (ETCH-M) and the Here's How I Write Assessment -- Child version (HHIW-C). The Berry-VMI was scored using its original scoring method and the CASS-Beery VMI. Thirty parents of the child participants completed the Here's How I Write Assessment -- Parent version (HHIW-P). Descriptive statistics, Spearman rho correlations and regression analyses using bootstrapping were completed. Results: The CASS-Beery VMI error scores were significantly correlated with the Beery-VMI score, and subscales of the MHA, ETCH and HHIW-P scores (r = 0.341- -0.555; p = 0.045-0.001). The CASS-Beery VMI error scores and Beery VMI raw scores were found to be significant predictors of the ETCH-M number legibility scores (adjusted R² = 0.209; p = 0.017) and MHA form scores (adjusted R² = 0.220; p = 0.007). Individually, the CASS-Beery VMI score was a significant predictor of the ETCH-M word legibility scores (Adjusted R² = 0.305; p = 0.001). Conclusion: Findings indicate that the CASS-Beery VMI can be used to assess children's VMI skills. The significant correlations between the CASS-Beery VMI and other standardized handwriting assessments (MHA, ETCH-M and HHIW) adds to the body of convergent validity evidence that the CASS-Beery VMI can be a sensitive scoring method for Beery VMI when assessing children's handwriting performance. |
| Abstractor: | As Provided |
| Entry Date: | 2026 |
| Accession Number: | EJ1509077 |
| Database: | ERIC |
| Abstract: | Introduction: Visual motor integration (VMI) is an important underlying mechanism for children's handwriting. The Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (Beery VMI) is commonly used to assess children's VMI skills, using a manual scoring method which can be prone to individual subjectivity and impact its sensitivity. This study investigated the use of the Computer-Aided Scoring System for scoring the Berry VMI (CASS-Beery VMI) to assess school-aged children's VMI and handwriting skills. Specifically, the convergent validity between the CASS-Beery VMI and three standardized handwriting assessments was investigated. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional design was used. Thirty-five neurotypical Australian students aged 6-9 years completed the Beery-VMI--6th edition, Minnesota Handwriting Assessment (MHA), Evaluation Tool of Children's Handwriting -- Manuscript (ETCH-M) and the Here's How I Write Assessment -- Child version (HHIW-C). The Berry-VMI was scored using its original scoring method and the CASS-Beery VMI. Thirty parents of the child participants completed the Here's How I Write Assessment -- Parent version (HHIW-P). Descriptive statistics, Spearman rho correlations and regression analyses using bootstrapping were completed. Results: The CASS-Beery VMI error scores were significantly correlated with the Beery-VMI score, and subscales of the MHA, ETCH and HHIW-P scores (r = 0.341- -0.555; p = 0.045-0.001). The CASS-Beery VMI error scores and Beery VMI raw scores were found to be significant predictors of the ETCH-M number legibility scores (adjusted R² = 0.209; p = 0.017) and MHA form scores (adjusted R² = 0.220; p = 0.007). Individually, the CASS-Beery VMI score was a significant predictor of the ETCH-M word legibility scores (Adjusted R² = 0.305; p = 0.001). Conclusion: Findings indicate that the CASS-Beery VMI can be used to assess children's VMI skills. The significant correlations between the CASS-Beery VMI and other standardized handwriting assessments (MHA, ETCH-M and HHIW) adds to the body of convergent validity evidence that the CASS-Beery VMI can be a sensitive scoring method for Beery VMI when assessing children's handwriting performance. |
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| ISSN: | 1941-1243 1941-1251 |
| DOI: | 10.1080/19411243.2023.2275569 |
