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Examining the Association between the Computer-Aided Scoring and Manual Scoring for the Beery Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration (Beery VMI) and Children's Handwriting Skills: A Convergent Validity Study

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Title: Examining the Association between the Computer-Aided Scoring and Manual Scoring for the Beery Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration (Beery VMI) and Children's Handwriting Skills: A Convergent Validity Study
Language: English
Authors: Anna Lamb, Mong-Lin Yu, Hao-Ling Chen, Tien-Ni Wang, Ted Brown
Source: Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools & Early Intervention. 2025 18(1):25-44.
Availability: Taylor & Francis. Available from: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 530 Walnut Street Suite 850, Philadelphia, PA 19106. Tel: 800-354-1420; Tel: 215-625-8900; Fax: 215-207-0050; Web site: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals
Peer Reviewed: Y
Page Count: 20
Publication Date: 2025
Document Type: Journal Articles
Reports - Research
Descriptors: Perceptual Motor Coordination, Visual Perception, Computer Assisted Instruction, Handwriting, Foreign Countries, Children, Writing Evaluation, Scores, Psychomotor Skills, Writing Skills, English, Prediction
Geographic Terms: Australia
Assessment and Survey Identifiers: Beery Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration
DOI: 10.1080/19411243.2023.2275569
ISSN: 1941-1243
1941-1251
Abstract: Introduction: Visual motor integration (VMI) is an important underlying mechanism for children's handwriting. The Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (Beery VMI) is commonly used to assess children's VMI skills, using a manual scoring method which can be prone to individual subjectivity and impact its sensitivity. This study investigated the use of the Computer-Aided Scoring System for scoring the Berry VMI (CASS-Beery VMI) to assess school-aged children's VMI and handwriting skills. Specifically, the convergent validity between the CASS-Beery VMI and three standardized handwriting assessments was investigated. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional design was used. Thirty-five neurotypical Australian students aged 6-9 years completed the Beery-VMI--6th edition, Minnesota Handwriting Assessment (MHA), Evaluation Tool of Children's Handwriting -- Manuscript (ETCH-M) and the Here's How I Write Assessment -- Child version (HHIW-C). The Berry-VMI was scored using its original scoring method and the CASS-Beery VMI. Thirty parents of the child participants completed the Here's How I Write Assessment -- Parent version (HHIW-P). Descriptive statistics, Spearman rho correlations and regression analyses using bootstrapping were completed. Results: The CASS-Beery VMI error scores were significantly correlated with the Beery-VMI score, and subscales of the MHA, ETCH and HHIW-P scores (r = 0.341- -0.555; p = 0.045-0.001). The CASS-Beery VMI error scores and Beery VMI raw scores were found to be significant predictors of the ETCH-M number legibility scores (adjusted R² = 0.209; p = 0.017) and MHA form scores (adjusted R² = 0.220; p = 0.007). Individually, the CASS-Beery VMI score was a significant predictor of the ETCH-M word legibility scores (Adjusted R² = 0.305; p = 0.001). Conclusion: Findings indicate that the CASS-Beery VMI can be used to assess children's VMI skills. The significant correlations between the CASS-Beery VMI and other standardized handwriting assessments (MHA, ETCH-M and HHIW) adds to the body of convergent validity evidence that the CASS-Beery VMI can be a sensitive scoring method for Beery VMI when assessing children's handwriting performance.
Abstractor: As Provided
Entry Date: 2026
Accession Number: EJ1509077
Database: ERIC
FullText Text:
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Anna+Lamb%22">Anna Lamb</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mong-Lin+Yu%22">Mong-Lin Yu</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hao-Ling+Chen%22">Hao-Ling Chen</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tien-Ni+Wang%22">Tien-Ni Wang</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ted+Brown%22">Ted Brown</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="SO" term="%22Journal+of+Occupational+Therapy%2C+Schools+%26+Early+Intervention%22"><i>Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools & Early Intervention</i></searchLink>. 2025 18(1):25-44.
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  Data: Taylor & Francis. Available from: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 530 Walnut Street Suite 850, Philadelphia, PA 19106. Tel: 800-354-1420; Tel: 215-625-8900; Fax: 215-207-0050; Web site: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals
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– Name: Abstract
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  Data: Introduction: Visual motor integration (VMI) is an important underlying mechanism for children's handwriting. The Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (Beery VMI) is commonly used to assess children's VMI skills, using a manual scoring method which can be prone to individual subjectivity and impact its sensitivity. This study investigated the use of the Computer-Aided Scoring System for scoring the Berry VMI (CASS-Beery VMI) to assess school-aged children's VMI and handwriting skills. Specifically, the convergent validity between the CASS-Beery VMI and three standardized handwriting assessments was investigated. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional design was used. Thirty-five neurotypical Australian students aged 6-9 years completed the Beery-VMI--6th edition, Minnesota Handwriting Assessment (MHA), Evaluation Tool of Children's Handwriting -- Manuscript (ETCH-M) and the Here's How I Write Assessment -- Child version (HHIW-C). The Berry-VMI was scored using its original scoring method and the CASS-Beery VMI. Thirty parents of the child participants completed the Here's How I Write Assessment -- Parent version (HHIW-P). Descriptive statistics, Spearman rho correlations and regression analyses using bootstrapping were completed. Results: The CASS-Beery VMI error scores were significantly correlated with the Beery-VMI score, and subscales of the MHA, ETCH and HHIW-P scores (r = 0.341- -0.555; p = 0.045-0.001). The CASS-Beery VMI error scores and Beery VMI raw scores were found to be significant predictors of the ETCH-M number legibility scores (adjusted R² = 0.209; p = 0.017) and MHA form scores (adjusted R² = 0.220; p = 0.007). Individually, the CASS-Beery VMI score was a significant predictor of the ETCH-M word legibility scores (Adjusted R² = 0.305; p = 0.001). Conclusion: Findings indicate that the CASS-Beery VMI can be used to assess children's VMI skills. The significant correlations between the CASS-Beery VMI and other standardized handwriting assessments (MHA, ETCH-M and HHIW) adds to the body of convergent validity evidence that the CASS-Beery VMI can be a sensitive scoring method for Beery VMI when assessing children's handwriting performance.
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        Value: 10.1080/19411243.2023.2275569
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      – Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Perceptual Motor Coordination
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Visual Perception
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      – SubjectFull: Computer Assisted Instruction
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      – SubjectFull: Handwriting
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      – TitleFull: Examining the Association between the Computer-Aided Scoring and Manual Scoring for the Beery Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration (Beery VMI) and Children's Handwriting Skills: A Convergent Validity Study
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